Detection of Immunochemical Reactions Using Piezoquartz Immunosensor. Regeneration of the Electrode Bio-layer (Review)

Abstract

Introduction. One of the most promising types of immunosensors is quartz crystal microbalance immunosensors (QCM immunosensors). Single-use biosensors are financially demanding, thus rendering the regeneration of the biosensor surface a pertinent issue for QCM immunosensors. Regeneration plays a pivotal role in sustaining the functionality of the sensor and enabling its reusability. In this article, "immunosensor" and "immunobiosensor" are interchangeable terms and are used to denote the same type of biosensors operating based on immunochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.Text. This review discusses the features, operational principles, and applications of QCM immunosensors. Particular attention is directed toward the challenge of regenerating the biosensor surface as a key aspect ensuring their effective operation and the potential for multiple uses. Various regeneration methods and their advantages are examined. The reactivation of the biosensing layer on the QCM electrode secures its stability and functionality over extended periods, which is especially valuable in clinical and scientific research. The possibility of reusing the biosensor reduces material costs and waste production, aligning with ecological and economic concerns. Furthermore, the ability to analyze different analytes on the same surface fosters versatility in multiparametric investigations. It is essential to emphasize that the removal of residual analytes and the biosensor's regeneration process enhance reliability, selectivity, heightened sensitivity, and the potential for reproducible measurements.Conclusion. An analysis of scientific literature underscores the pivotal role of biosensor regeneration in maintaining functionality and reusability. The strength of the antigen-antibody interaction determines the conditions, which must be tailored individually for each antigen-antibody pair. The review thoroughly explores three primary approaches to the regeneration of piezoelectric transducers, including the use of a chemical method, oxygen plasma-based techniques, and the application of Piranha solution.