Detection of influenza a viruses and influenza epidemics in wild pelagic birds by sentinels and population studies

Sinnecker, H; Sinnecker, R.; Zilske, E; Koehler, Dieter

doi:10.1016/s0174-3031(82)80064-4

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although the sentinels responded to natural influenza infection with a rise in antibodies four weeks after virus isolation, the titers were low and declined to insignificant levels within one to two months [31]. One of the difficulties in studying the ecology of influenza A viruses is the mobility of wild bird populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antibodies to the H1, H3, H7 and H11 subtypes were found in sentinels [30][31][32]. Antibodies to the H1, H3, H7 and H11 subtypes were found in sentinels [30][31][32].…”

Section: Antibody Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results indicate that influenza viruses can cause "epidemics" in avian populations without producing physical signs of disease [31]. We also tested, over prolonged periods, the viral antibody responses of a single species living in different geographic regions.…”

Section: Antibody Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influenza virus subtypes in aquatic birds of eastern Germany

Süß¹,

Schäfer

Sinnecker

et al. 1994

Archives of Virology

115

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We report the findings of a 12-year surveillance study (1977-89) of avian influenza A viruses in eastern Germany. Viruses were isolated directly from feral ducks (n = 236) and other wild birds (n = 89); from domestic ducks (n = 735) living on a single farm; and from white Pekin ducks (n = 193) used as sentinels for populations of wild aquatic birds; mainly sea birds. The efficiency of virus isolation was 9.9% overall, with considerable variability noted among species: 8.7% in wild ducks, 0.9% in other feral birds and 38% in Pekin ducks. Use of sentinel ducks in wild pelagic bird colonies improved virus detection rates fivefold, suggesting that this approach is advantageous in ecological studies. Among the 40 different combinations of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes we identified, H6N1 predominated (23.6% for all avian species), followed by H4N6 (11%). Among individual species, the frequency profiles favored H2N3 (20.8%) and H4N6 (20.3%) in feral ducks; H7N7 (22.3%), H4N6 (24.4%) and H2N3 (10.4%) in Pekin ducks used as sentinels; and H6N1 (34.8%) and H6N6 (15.1%) in domestic ducks maintained on a single farm. By relying on sentinel birds for serological assays, it was possible to trace an "influenza season" in feral swan populations, beginning in August and continuing through the winter months. Comparison of subtype distribution of influenza viruses for Europe and North America showed significant differences. This supports the fact of two geographically distinct gene pools of influenza viruses in birds connected with their distinct flyways of each hemisphere. The high frequency of isolation of H2 influenza viruses is of considerable interest to those interested in the recycling of this subtype in humans. Similarly the frequent isolation of H7N7 influenza viruses raises concern about reservoirs of potentially pathogenic influenza virus for domestic poultry. Our results confirm the existence of a vast reservoir of influenza A viruses in European aquatic birds, which possesses sufficient diversity to account for strains that infect lower animals and humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antibodies to the H1, H3, H7 and H11 subtypes were found in sentinels [30][31][32]. Antibodies to the H1, H3, H7 and H11 subtypes were found in sentinels [30][31][32].…”

Section: Antibody Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influenza virus subtypes in aquatic birds of eastern Germany

Süß¹,

Schäfer

Sinnecker

et al. 1994

Archives of Virology

115

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“…Natural consecutive infections of sentinel ducks with different LPAI virus subtypes have been reported, providing evidence that a prior exposure does not fully protect against a subsequent AI virus infection (16,20). Few studies have experimentally addressed the outcome of concurrent or subsequent LPAI infections in its natural waterfowl host.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Prior Exposure to a Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in the Outcome of a Heterosubtypic Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Infection in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

Costa

Brown²,

Howerth

et al. 2010

Avian Diseases

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Wild birds, particularly Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, are considered the natural reservoir of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. The high prevalence and subtype diversity of avian influenza viruses at premigrational staging areas provide the perfect opportunity for multiple exposures to different LPAI virus subtypes. Natural consecutive and concurrent infections of sentinel ducks with different LPAI virus subtypes have been reported. The protective immune response from different LPAI virus infections is not understood nor is the effect of such repeated exposures. This study experimentally evaluated the effect of a prior exposure to a LPAI virus on the outcome of a heterosubtypic LPAI virus infection in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). The results of this investigation suggest that recent prior exposure to a LPAI virus may affect the outcome of a subsequent heterosubtypic LPAI infection in mallards by reducing the duration of cloacal and oropharyngeal viral shedding as well as the viral load excreted via the cloaca. Wild mallards are likely exposed to multiple subtypes of LPAI virus during the periods of peak viral circulation, and the results of this study suggest that the duration of viral shedding in subsequent exposures might be reduced.

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“…The high rate of influenza virus isolation in late September and early October coincides with an influx of migrating waterfowl into Minnesota and the marshaling of large numbers of ducks for migration. Similarly, Sinnecker et al (17) reported that an "influenza season" began in August among sentinel ducks in two different geographical areas in Europe and that a high rate of reinfection occurred among those birds in October. During a 3-year survey of wild ducks in Canada, Hinshaw and Webster 7reported a high frequency of influenza A virus isolates from juvenile ducks (18 to 60%) compared with mature ducks (4 to 27%) during the late summer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota

Halvorson¹,

Kelleher

Senne

1985

Appl Environ Microbiol

119

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Sentinel ducks and domestic turkey flocks were monitored for influenza infection during a 4-year period. The onset of infection among ducks was similar each year, occurring in late July or early August. Influenza in turkeys was also shown to be seasonal, but the usual onset was 6 to 8 weeks after the detection of influenza in sentinel ducks. Possible explanations for the delayed infection in turkeys are (i) increased waterfowl activity associated with fledging and congregating in late summer and early fall; (ii) vectors transmitting virus from the waterfowl habitat to poultry farms; (iii) cooler environmental temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability; (iv) cooler surface water temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability; (v) groundwater contamination from contaminated surface water; and (vi) virus adaptation in domestic turkeys before infection is detected. We conclude that ducks are not only a natural reservoir of influenza but also have a seasonal infection that appears to be related to seasonal influenza outbreaks in domestic turkeys in Minnesota. However, only some influenza A virus isolates circulating among waterfowl at any given time appear capable of causing detectable infection in turkeys. It is speculated that the seasonal infection in migratory waterfowl may also be related to seasonal influenza infections in other species including humans.

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Detection of influenza a viruses and influenza epidemics in wild pelagic birds by sentinels and population studies

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Influenza virus subtypes in aquatic birds of eastern Germany

Influenza virus subtypes in aquatic birds of eastern Germany

Effect of a Prior Exposure to a Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in the Outcome of a Heterosubtypic Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Infection in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota

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