Detection of latency-associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus 1 in equine leukocytes but not in trigeminal ganglia

Chesters, P. M.; Allsop, R; Purewal, A.S.; Edington, N.

doi:10.1128/jvi.71.5.3437-3443.1997

Cited by 68 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The dynamics of EHV-1 latency and reactivation are not well understood. Latent virus has been identified in lymph nodes and nervous tissue (including trigeminal ganglia), and latency-associated transcripts have been identified in CD5+/CD8+ leucocytes (Baxi et al, 1995;Chesters, Allsop, Purewal, & Edington, 1997;Pusterla, Mapes, & Wilson, 2010). The amount of subclinical reactivation from these sites and the mechanisms of subsequent clearance are unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Bryant

Wilkie

Russell

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryEquine herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease in equines and is endemic in most countries. The viral factors that influence EHV‐1 disease severity are poorly understood, and this has hampered vaccine development. However, the N752D substitution in the viral DNA polymerase catalytic subunit has been shown statistically to be associated with neurological disease. This has given rise to the term “neuropathic strain,” even though strains lacking the polymorphism have been recovered from cases of neurological disease. To broaden understanding of EHV‐1 diversity in the field, 78 EHV‐1 strains isolated over a period of 35 years were sequenced. The great majority of isolates originated from the United Kingdom and included in the collection were low passage isolates from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of regions spanning 80% of the genome showed that up to 13 viral clades have been circulating in the United Kingdom and that most of these are continuing to circulate. Abortion isolates grouped into nine clades, and neurological isolates grouped into five. Most neurological isolates had the N752D substitution, whereas most abortion isolates did not, although three of the neurological isolates from linked outbreaks had a different polymorphism. Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggested that recombination has occurred between EHV‐1 clades, between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 4, and between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 8.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Bryant

Wilkie

Russell

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…6 Viral latency after infection has been detected in both lymphoid and neural tissues, with the preferred cell of latency being the CD5/CD81 T lymphocyte. [7][8][9][10][11] In 2 recent reports, latent EHV-1 was detected in mandibular lymph node (MLN) of 53 and 3.3% of horses examined. 10,12 Asymptomatic shedding of EHV-1 after reactivation may be a potential source of infection to naı¨ve animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of Equid Herpesvirus‐1 Reactivation and Viremia in Hospitalized Critically Ill Horses

Carr

Schott

Pusterla

2011

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) reactivation and shedding can occur in latently infected, asymptomatic animals. Risk factors for reactivation include stress and illness. The risk of asymptomatic shedding in hospitalized, critically ill horses with acute abdominal disease is unknown. This information is important to assess the need for additional biosecurity protocols to prevent spread of EHV-1 in hospitalized critically ill horses with acute abdominal disorders.Objectives: To determine the frequency of reactivation and nasal shedding of EHV-1 in hospitalized critically ill horses. Animals: One hundred twenty-four client-owned horses admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital with acute abdominal disorders were included in the study.Methods: Cross-sectional study examining the risk of reactivation of EHV-1 in horses admitted with acute, severe, gastrointestinal disease. Whole blood and nasal secretions were collected throughout hospitalization. In addition, mandibular lymph nodes were collected from 9 study horses and 26 other Michigan horses. All samples were tested for the presence of EHV-1 nucleic acid by real-time PCR assays targeting the glycoprotein B gene and the polymerase (ORF 30) gene.Results: One hundred and twenty-four horses met the inclusion criteria. None of the samples were positive for EHV-1 DNA.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that nasal shedding and viremia of EHV-1 in hospitalized critically ill horses with acute abdominal disorder is extremely rare. Implementation of additional biosecurity protocols to limit aerosol spread of EHV-1 among horses with acute abdominal disease and other hospitalized horses is not necessary.

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“…Virus: EHV-1 and 4 are members of the Varicellovirus genus, in the Alphaherpesvirinae sub-family in the family Herpesviridae (Figure 1). These alphaherpesviruses are characterized by lytic infection and can establish a lifelong latent infection in blood circulating and lymph node-residing lymphocytes, as well as in sensory neurons within the trigeminal ganglia, which may reactivate upon stress [27,28]. The linear double-stranded DNA genome of EHV-1 contains 80 open reading frames and is 150 kb long and consists of a unique long (UL) and unique short region (US) [29].…”

Section: Equid Herpesvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Australia, two equine cases also arose recently in 2013, documenting the first occurrence of ABLV in animals other than bats or humans [70]. In Europe, 233 cases have been reported between 2010 and 2019, mainly in Eastern Europe (Russian Federation (49), Ukraine (41), Turkey (70), Belarus (27), Moldova (9), Romania (17), Georgia (8), Poland (2), Croatia (7), Serbia (1), and Latvia (1)), while for the same period, only one case was reported in Western Europe, in Italy (2010) [71]. Clinical signs of rabies are highly variable in horses and three forms are classically described according to the injured area: silent, paralytic or furious forms.…”

Section: Rabies Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe?

Lecollinet

Pronost

Coulpier

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.

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Detection of latency-associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus 1 in equine leukocytes but not in trigeminal ganglia

Cited by 68 publications

References 34 publications

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks

Absence of Equid Herpesvirus‐1 Reactivation and Viremia in Hospitalized Critically Ill Horses

Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe?

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