“…After applying a Raman laser of an appropriate wavelength, a strong SERS effect occurs, creating many small hotspots within each bowl, characteristic Raman signals corresponding to the functional groups of the target molecule can be identified. 87–89 However, when interfering substances are present in clinical samples, SERS signal of the target molecule (such as several characteristic peaks) will be partially weakened, affecting detection sensitivity. 90,91 Through integration with POC testing, a portable label-free SERS system for on-site testing can monitor uremic toxins.…”