Detection of Low Density Lipoprotein—Comparison of Electrochemical Immuno- and Aptasensor

Rudewicz-Kowalczyk, Daria; Grabowska, Iwona

doi:10.3390/s21227733

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(48 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this work, we applied 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) as a linker possessing a NH 2 group at the end for covalent immobilization of antibody–ferrocene conjugates. Recently, we have shown that 4-ATP immobilized on the surface of gold delivers NH 2 groups, which are beneficial for covalent immobilization of antibodies [ 31 ]. Other authors have also confirmed these phenomena [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Antibody–Ferrocene Conjugates as a Platform for Electro-Chemical Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein

Rudewicz-Kowalczyk

Grabowska

2022

Molecules

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a cardiac biomarker identified in the pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Typically, the level of LDL is calculated using the Friedewald relationship based on measured values of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides. Unfortunately, this approach leads to some errors in calculation. Therefore, direct methods that can be used for fast and accurate detection of LDL are needed. The purpose of this study was to develop an electrochemical platform for the detection of LDL based on an antibody–ferrocene conjugate. An anti-apolipoprotein B-100 antibody labeled with ferrocene was covalently immobilized on the layer of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) on the surface of gold electrodes. Upon interaction between LDL and the antibody–ferrocene conjugate, a decrease in the ferrocene redox signal registered by square wave voltammetry was observed, which depends linearly on the concentration from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.0 ng/mL. The obtained limit of detection was equal to 0.53 ng/mL. Moreover, the satisfied selectivity toward human serum albumin (HSA), HDL, and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) was observed. In addition, the acceptable recovery rates of LDL in human serum samples indicate the possible application of immunosensors presented in clinical diagnostics.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The procedure of cleaning the gold electrode surface was carried out following previously reported protocol [ 31 ]. After careful cleaning, the Au electrodes were dipped in an ethanolic solution of 1 mM 4-ATP overnight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody–Ferrocene Conjugates as a Platform for Electro-Chemical Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein

Rudewicz-Kowalczyk

Grabowska

2022

Molecules

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Aptamers including oligonucleotides or peptides have characteristics of high reproducibility and high throughput. However, these immunosensors cannot detect the LDL subclasses at present ( Rudewicz-Kowalczyk and Grabowska, 2021 ).…”

Section: Detection Of Ldl Subclassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis

2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Among the diseases causing human death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains number one according to the World Health Organization report in 2021. It is known that atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of CVD. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD). LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is the traditional biological marker of LDL. However, large numbers of patients who have achieved the recommended LDL-C goals still have ASCVD risk. In multiple prospective studies, LDL particle (LDL-P) is reported to be more accurate in predicting CVD risk than LDL-C. LDL-Ps differ in size, density and chemical composition. Numerous clinical studies have proved that the atherogenic mechanisms of LDL-Ps are determined not only by LDL number and size but also by LDL modifications. Of note, small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles possess stronger atherogenic ability compared with large and intermediate LDL subfractions. Besides, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is another risk factor in atherosclerosis. Among the traditional lipid-lowering drugs, statins induce dramatic reductions in LDL-C and LDL-P to a lesser extend. Recently, proprotein convertase subtilsin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) have been demonstrated to be effective in lowering the levels of LDL-C, LDL-P, as well as CVD events. In this article, we will make a short review of LDL metabolism, discuss the discordance between LDL-C and LDL-P, outline the atherogenic mechanisms of action of LDL by focusing on sdLDL and ox-LDL, summarize the methods used for measurement of LDL subclasses, and conclude the advances in LDL-lowering therapies using statins and PCSK9i.

show abstract

“…Surface-reactive primary amino-groups present on the beads allow for receptors immobilization through amide bond formation with carbodiimide—activated carboxylic groups from antibodies. We recently proved that linkers possessing NH 2 groups are advantageous for covalent immobilization of antibody [ 17 ]. This phenomenon was confirmed by others as well [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of immunocomplex between LDL and antibody leads to blocking the electron transfer between redox couple and electrode surface. Then, the redox signal changes depend linearly on LDL concentration [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In the other type of immunosensors, the redox label is either covalently and directly immobilized on the surface of electrode or covalently conjugated with receptor, e.g., an antibody.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of LDL and MDA-LDL Using Antibody-Ferrocene or Anthraquinone Conjugates Coated Magnetic Beads

Rudewicz-Kowalczyk

Grabowska

2023

IJMS

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The simultaneous detection of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACSVD) biomarkers was recently of great scientific interest. In this work, magnetic beads-based immunosensors for the simultaneous detection of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) were presented. The approach proposed was based on the formation of two types of specific immunoconjugates consisting of monoclonal antibodies: anti-LDL or anti-MDA-LDL, together with redox active molecules: ferrocene and anthraquinone, respectively, coated on magnetic beads (MBs). The decrease in redox agent current in the concentration range: 0.001–1.0 ng/mL for LDL and 0.01–10.0 ng/mL for MDA-LDL, registered by square wave voltammetry (SWV), was observed upon the creation of complex between LDL or MDA-LDL and appropriate immunoconjugates. The detection limits of 0.2 ng/mL for LDL and 0.1 ng/mL for MDA-LDL were estimated. Moreover, the results of selectivity against the possible interferents were good, as human serum albumin (HSA) and high density lipoprotein (HDL), stability and recovery studies demonstrated the potential of platform proposed for early prognosis and diagnosis of ASCVD.

show abstract

Detection of Low Density Lipoprotein—Comparison of Electrochemical Immuno- and Aptasensor

Cited by 19 publications

References 40 publications

Antibody–Ferrocene Conjugates as a Platform for Electro-Chemical Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein

Antibody–Ferrocene Conjugates as a Platform for Electro-Chemical Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein

Low-density lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis

Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of LDL and MDA-LDL Using Antibody-Ferrocene or Anthraquinone Conjugates Coated Magnetic Beads

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About