Detection of Low Salinity Groundwater Seeping into the Eastern Laizhou Bay (China) with the Aid of Landsat Thermal Data

Xing, Qianguo; Braga, Federica; Tosi, Luigi; Zaggia, Luca; Teatini, Pietro; Gao, Xuelu; Yu, Longxing; Wen, Xin; Shi, Ping

doi:10.2112/si74-014.1

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…For example, McCaul et al (2016) proposed a multi-approach methodology for understanding submarine and intertidal groundwater discharge patterns. Xing et al (2016) evaluated the ability of satellite remote sensing methods (Landsat 7 and 8) to detect thermal anomalies related to SGD as a possible index of the presence of offshore low-salinity groundwater storage at local scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study that thoroughly compares SGD locations with satellite-data-derived thermal anomalies over large spatial scales in order to assess the suitability of satellite TIR-RS data for conducting SGD research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor for identifying submarine groundwater discharge springs in the Mediterranean Sea basin

Jou-Claus

Folch

García-Orellana

2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has received increasing attention over the past 2 decades as a source of nutrients, trace elements and ocean pollutants that may alter coastal biogeochemical cycles. Assessing SGD flows and their impact on coastal marine environments is a difficult task, since it is not easy to identify and measure these water flows discharging into the sea. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the significant usefulness of the freely available thermal infrared (TIR) imagery of the Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) as an exploratory tool for identifying SGD springs worldwide, from local to regional scales, for long-term analysis. The use of satellite thermal data as a technique for identifying SGD springs in seawater is based on the identification of thermally anomalous plumes obtained from the thermal contrasts between groundwater and sea surface water. In this study, we use the TIR remote sensing (TIR-RS) imagery provided by Landsat 8 at a regional scale and discuss the principle limiting factors of using this technique in SGD studies. The study was developed in karstic coastal aquifers in the Mediterranean Sea basin during different seasons and under diverse meteorological conditions. Although this study demonstrates that freely available satellite TIR remote sensing is a useful method for identifying coastal springs in karst aquifers both locally and regionally, the limiting factors include technical limitations, geological and hydrogeological characteristics, environmental and marine conditions and coastal geomorphology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor for identifying submarine groundwater discharge springs in the Mediterranean Sea basin

Jou-Claus

Folch

García-Orellana

2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The most commonly applied sensor in STE investigations is the thermal infrared (TIR) sensor, which can exploit temperature differences between seawater and terrestrial groundwater at the sea-surface (Figure 5). TIR detects groundwater inflow locations by identifying a thermal anomaly based on mono-temporal investigations (Fischer et al, 1964;Mejias et al, 2012;Wilson and Rocha, 2012;Kelly et al, 2013;Mallast et al, 2014;Xing et al, 2016), or multi-temporal investigations (Schubert et al, 2014;Oehler et al, 2018), and can be used to quantify freshwater fluxes given in-situ reference data of currents and bathymetry (Roseen, 2002;Johnson et al, 2008;Danielescu et al, 2009;Tamborski et al, 2015). The extent and shape of sea-surface temperature anomalies can indicate specific STE processes and characteristics (Chen, 1991;Jirka, 2004).…”

Section: Remote Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A State-Of-The-Art Perspective on the Characterization of Subterranean Estuaries at the Regional Scale

et al. 2021

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Subterranean estuaries the, subsurface mixing zones of terrestrial groundwater and seawater, substantially influence solute fluxes to the oceans. Solutes brought by groundwater from land and solutes brought from the sea can undergo biogeochemical reactions. These are often mediated by microbes and controlled by reactions with coastal sediments, and determine the composition of fluids discharging from STEs (i.e., submarine groundwater discharge), which may have consequences showing in coastal ecosystems. While at the local scale (meters), processes have been intensively studied, the impact of subterranean estuary processes on solute fluxes to the coastal ocean remains poorly constrained at the regional scale (kilometers). In the present communication, we review the processes that occur in STEs, focusing mainly on fluid flow and biogeochemical transformations of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, sulfur and trace metals. We highlight the spatio-temporal dynamics and measurable manifestations of those processes. The objective of this contribution is to provide a perspective on how tracer studies, geophysical methods, remote sensing and hydrogeological modeling could exploit such manifestations to estimate the regional-scale impact of processes in STEs on solute fluxes to the coastal ocean.

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“…Thus, identifying SGD springs using Landsat 8 TIRS has some limitations, as the success rate was slightly less than 50%. The following potential limitations have been previously reported in the literature in some local studied areas: only information for the first millimeters of seawater is available (Donlon et al, 2002;Wloczyk et al, 2006), spatial resolution (Wilson & Rocha, 2012), period of the year (Bayari & Kurttas 2002;Wilson & Rocha 2012;Xing et al, 2016), the results are highly dependent on atmospheric temperature, seawater currents, wind speed and direction, sea surface effects (Kelly et al, 2013) and cloud cover, and the need for specialist knowledge to convert the data into accessible (visualized) information (McCaul, 2016).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework To Asses Factors Influencing the Identification Of Sgd Springsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this study focused regionally on the Mediterranean Sea basin, it can be extrapolated to other parts of the world, in places where the SGD has sufficient thermal contrast when discharging into the sea. This technique has been successfully used in regional areas such as Ireland (Wilson & Rocha, 2012;McCaul et al, 2016) or the Laizhou Bay in China (Xing et al, 2016). However, in areas where the thermal contrast between the sea and the aquifer is low and/or temperature does not fluctuate during the year, such as in tropical zones, the use of satellite images represents a challenge that must be explored in detail.…”

Section: Challenge and Recommendations For Future Sgd Studies And Application In Other Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, McCaul et al (2016) proposed a multiapproach methodology to understand submarine and intertidal groundwater discharge patterns. Xing et al (2016) evaluated the capability of satellite remote sensing methods (Landsat 7 and 8) to detect thermal anomalies related to SGD as a possible index of the presence of offshore low-salinity groundwater storage at local scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is not a single study that thoroughly compares known SGD locations to satellite-data derived thermal anomaly indications over larger spatial scales, to analyze the appropriateness of satellite TIR-RS data for SGD research in a statistically robust manner.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applicability of Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor to Identify Submarine Groundwater Discharge Springs in the Mediterranean Sea Basin

Jou-Claus¹,

Folch²,

García-Orellana³

2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has received increasing attention over the past two decades as a source of nutrients, trace elements and pollutants to the ocean that may alter coastal biogeochemical cycles. Assessing submarine groundwater flows and their impacts on coastal marine environments is a difficult task since it is not easy to identify and measure these water flows discharging into the sea. The aim of this study is to prove the great usefulness of the freely-available thermal infrared (TIR) imagery of the Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) as an exploratory tool to identify SGD springs worldwide, from local to regional scales, for long-term analysis. The use of satellite thermal data as a technique to identify SGD springs in seawater is based on the identification of thermally-anomalous plumes obtained from the thermal contrasts between groundwater and sea surface water. We propose a conceptual framework to apply this technique worldwide and also discuss the limitations of using this technique in SGD studies. The study was developed on a regional scale in karstic coastal aquifers in the Mediterranean Sea basin at different seasons and diverse meteorological conditions. Although this study demonstrates that the freely-available satellite TIR remote sensing is a useful method to identify coastal springs in karst aquifers both locally and regionally, the limiting factors include technical limitations, geological/hydrogeological characteristics, environmental and marine conditions and coastal geomorphology.

show abstract

Detection of Low Salinity Groundwater Seeping into the Eastern Laizhou Bay (China) with the Aid of Landsat Thermal Data

Cited by 13 publications

References 60 publications

Applicability of Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor for identifying submarine groundwater discharge springs in the Mediterranean Sea basin

Applicability of Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor for identifying submarine groundwater discharge springs in the Mediterranean Sea basin

A State-Of-The-Art Perspective on the Characterization of Subterranean Estuaries at the Regional Scale

Applicability of Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor to Identify Submarine Groundwater Discharge Springs in the Mediterranean Sea Basin

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