“…In MIT, a specific target molecule or a structural analogue (virtual template) was firstly employed to facilitate recognition site formation through covalent or non-covalent interaction with bulk phase by polymerization, after removing the template, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was subsequent achieved with imprinted cavities which highly match the three-dimensional shape, size and functional site of target molecule ( Gao et al, 2020 ; Pan et al, 2018 ; Si et al, 2018 ). Compared to other adsorption systems, MIPs exhibit three unique characteristics of structure predetermination, application universality and recognition specificity and are highly promising for solid phase extraction ( Zhang et al, 2020 ), chemical sensors ( Cheng et al, 2017 ; Lopez et al, 2021 ; Raziq et al, 2021 ), capillary electrophoresis ( Bezdekova et al, 2021 ), simulated antibodies ( Seitz et al, 2021 ) and chromatographic separation ( Cheng et al, 2014 ). However, some drawbacks were founded in traditional molecular imprinting technology with the deepening development, including the serious embedding and uneven distribution of imprinting sites, incomplete removal of template, poor selectivity, and slow mass transfer rate, which directly limited the practical application of MIPs ( Deng et al, 2012 ; Wulff 2002 ).…”