Detection of Microorganisms Using Graphene-Based Nanobiosensors

Abstract

Having an insight into graphene and graphene derivatives such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots structures is necessary since it can help scientists to suspect the possible properties and features that using these carbon materials in preparation of a nanocomposite could bring out. In recent years, graphene and its derivatives are attractive with extensive applications in biosensors due to fascinating properties, such as high surface area, optical and magnetic properties, and high elasticity for the detection of microorganisms can be modified with some other materials such as macromolecules, oxide metals, and metals to improve the electrochemical behavior of the biosensor, and also can be modified with some other materials such as macromolecules, oxide metals, and metals to improve the electrochemical behavior of the biosensor. In this review paper, biosensors design strategies based on graphene and its derivatives (graphene-based nanocomposites in biosensors) are introduced. Then their application for the detection of microorganisms including Prions, Viroids, viral and bacterial cells as well as fungi, protozoa, microbial toxins, and even microbial-derived antibiotics are reviewed.

Futuristic Advancements in Biomass‐Derived Graphene Nanoassemblies: Versatile Biosensors for Point‐of‐Care Devices

“…In some sensors, they are also used as a scaffold which helps in improving the selectivity of the biosensor. [165] On the other hand, it also improves the efficiency of analysis and detection sensitivity of biosensors. Some of the graphene-based biosensors functionalised with biomolecules for bacterial and viral pathogen detection are discussed in a detailed manner.…”

Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications

“…Nanotechnology has allowed advances in monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and proposing effective treatments [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. In this sense, biosensors based on nanomaterials have accurate detection, efficient monitoring, and fast but reliable imaging [ 17 , 18 ]. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, such as photoemission, high specific surface leading to extra bioreceptor immobilization, as well as electrical and heat conductivities, make them perfect candidates for biosensor construction [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

“…Graphene/graphene oxide, carbon quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, porous carbon, and fullerene are nanostructures that have been investigated as the biosensing platforms studied over the years [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Carbon nanostructure-based sensors are utilized due to their potential to quench fluorescently-labeled probes [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Thus, developing a user-friendly and highly sensitive biosensor is essential.…”

Fabrication of Au/Fe3O4/RGO based aptasensor for measurement of miRNA‐128, a biomarker for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

“…The physical and chemical properties of graphene and its derivatives (such as reduced graphene oxide [RGO]) include high sensitivity, remarkable selectivity and stability, low overpotential, wide potential window, minimal capacitive current, and outstanding electrocatalytic activity [47,48] various other fascinating properties such as considerable specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and transparency, superior mechanical strength and durability, strong ambipolar electrical field effect, good thermal conductivity, and outstanding electronic properties [49,50]. The hybridization of graphene and metal nanoparticles leads to the nanocomposite with excellent surface area and improved the kinesis of charge carriers as well as firm electron transfer kinetics [46,51,52]. Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles are known magnetic materials that have been used increasingly in the biosensor field mainly because of their high surface area, high biocompatibility, low toxicity, easy preparation, and high adsorption ability [53].…”

“…It offers various other fascinating properties such as considerable specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and transparency, superior mechanical strength and durability, strong ambipolar electrical field effect, good thermal conductivity, and outstanding electronic properties [49, 50]. The hybridization of graphene and metal nanoparticles leads to the nanocomposite with excellent surface area and improved the kinesis of charge carriers as well as firm electron transfer kinetics [46, 51, 52].…”