Detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations by high-throughput sequencing in the blood of breast cancer patients

Abstract

We investigated the effects of millimeter wave treatment on the expression of the cell cycle regulating proteins cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin A in chondrocytes. Knee articular cartilage from SD rats was used to establish cultured primary chondrocytes. After identification using toluidine blue staining, passage 2 chondrocytes were randomly divided into different groups and treated with nocodazole or millimeter wave. The RNA expression of CDK2 and cyclin A was measured using RT-PCR, and their protein levels were detected by Western blotting. Cell cycle analysis showed that nocodazole treatment significantly increased the number of G0/G1 and G2/M stage chondrocytes and decreased the amount of S phase cells. In contrast, millimeter wave treatment significantly decreased the number of G0/G1 and G2/M chondrocytes and increased the number of S phase cells. The mRNA and protein levels of CDK2 and cyclin A consistently demonstrated a reverse trend, with the lowest levels in the chondrocytes treated with nocodazole. The expression of CDK2 and cyclin A was higher in chondrocytes receiving millimeter wave treatment than in untreated cells. In conclusion, millimeter wave treatment induces CDK2 and cyclin A expression, accelerates S-phase entry and G2/M transition and promotes chondrocyte cell cycle progression.

Millimeter Wave Treatment Inhibits Apoptosis of Chondrocytes via Regulation Dynamic Equilibrium of Intracellular Free Ca2+

“…The rat chondrocytes were isolated and cultured as previously described [ 12 ]. The cells were counted with a blood cell count plate to adjust the concentration of the cell suspension to 2-3 × 10 5 mL.…”

“…The third generation chondrocytes were seeded on cover slips and cultured for 72 h. The cells were washed with PBS, fixed in 4% neutral formalin for 30 min, and stained with 1% toluidine blue for 30 min [ 12 ]. The cover slips were rapidly washed in ethanol, dried, and mounted for microscopic examination.…”

“…Living organisms generate 0.5 × 10 10 ~3 × 10 12 coherent oscillations during metabolism, which is within the frequency of a millimeter wave. Therefore, the energy of the MW can be absorbed by biological tissues through resonance, and the energy may interfere with signal transduction and affect metabolism [ 8 – 12 ].…”

Insights Breast Cancer through mitochondrial genomics

“…However, some studies suggest that different mitochondrial polymorphisms vary from one population to another. In addition, some polymorphisms are more related to the presence of breast cancer than others (24)(25)(26).…”

Understanding Mitochondrial DNA in Brain Tumorigenesis

“…Proteins that take part in the proper functioning of the OXPHOS system are encoded by both nDNA and mtDNA. Similar to nDNA, mtDNA mutations and deletions have been identified in a wide variety of cancers including brain tumor [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], although it is unclear whether these are causal or a consequence of the neoplastic process.…”