Detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: an indication of the source of contamination

Gallimore, Christopher; Pipkin, C.; Shrimpton, Heather K.; Green, A. D.; Pickford, Y.; McCartney, Christine A; Sutherland, G. Bonar; Brown, David; Gray, Jim

doi:10.1017/s0950268804003218

Cited by 76 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Asymptomatic rotavirus infection also occurs frequently in both children and adults, possibly related also to partial immune protection following earlier infection. These data highlight the risk that rotavirus shed by healthy people may be transmitted to susceptible non-immune subjects, as the newborn, directly or through environmental and/ or foodstuff contamination circuits [31,32].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Rotavirus Infection and Diseasementioning

confidence: 87%

“…Rotavirus contamination of surface water may also end up in other food chains, including vegetables and soft fruit, correlated with irrigation. Although virus concentration may be lower on leaves and fruit skin, this type of food is a potential risk and has in fact been sporadically involved in outbreaks [32,49]. Conditions for exceptional virus spread and large outbreaks may be generated by major natural events like flood and earthquakes [58].…”

Section: Rotavirus Epidemic Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Ruggeri

Fiore

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Abstract. Rotavirus and poliovirus are paradigmatic viruses for causing major diseases affecting the human population. The impact of poliovirus is remarkably diminished because of vaccination during the last half century. Poliomyelitis due to wild polio currently affects a limited number of countries, and since 2000 sporadic outbreaks have been associated to neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses. Conversely, rotavirus is presently very diffuse, accounting for the largest fraction of severe gastroenteritis among children <5 years-old. Vaccination towards rotavirus is still in its dawn, and zoonotic strains contribute to the emergence and evolution of novel strains pathogenic to man. The environment, particularly surface water, is a possible vehicle for large transmission of both viruses, but environmental surveillance of circulating strains can help promptly monitor entry of new virulent strains into a country, their shedding and spread.Key words: rotavirus, poliovirus, vaccine, waterborne transmission, surveillance. Riassunto (Malattie virali prevenibili con la vaccinazione e rischi associati alla trasmissione idrica).Rotavirus e poliovirus sono virus paradigmatici nel causare malattie importanti della popolazione umana. L'impatto dei poliovirus è diminuito marcatamente durante mezzo secolo di vaccinazione. La poliomielite dovuta a polio selvaggio affligge solo un limitato numero di paesi, e dal 2000 epidemie sporadiche sono state associate a poliovirus nerurovirulenti vaccino-derivati. Al contrario, rotavirus è oggi molto diffuso, essendo implicato nella maggiore parte dei casi di gastroenterite grave nei bambini di meno di 5 anni. La vaccinazione contro i rotavirus è ancora agli albori, e ceppi zoonotici contribuiscono all'emergenza ed evoluzione di nuovi ceppi patogeni per l'uomo. L'ambiente, in particolare le acque superficiali, è un possibile veicolo per la trasmissione di entrambi i virus, ma la sorveglianza ambientale dei ceppi circolanti può aiutare a monitorare prontamente l'ingresso di nuovi ceppi virulenti in un paese, il loro rilascio e diffusione.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Rotavirus Infection and Diseasementioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Rotavirus Epidemic Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Ruggeri

Fiore

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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“…Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the world; they cause outbreaks in various settings, including hospitals, cruise ships, schools, and restaurants (2,9,12,15,23,24,29). In addition, noroviruses have been detected in environmental samples (e.g., treated and untreated sewage) as well as in contaminated foods such as oysters, shellfish, sandwiches, salads, raspberries, and even ice (7,18,19,26). Numerous molecular epidemiological studies have revealed a global distribution of these viruses (25,27,31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Norovirus Infections in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Food Handlers in Japan

Ozawa¹,

et al. 2007

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Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the world. At present, norovirus genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII/4), strains are the most prevalent in many countries. In this study we investigated 55 outbreaks and 35 sporadic cases of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis in food handlers in foodcatering settings between 10 November 2005 and 9 December 2006 in Japan. Stool specimens were collected from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals and were examined for norovirus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR; the results were then confirmed by sequence analysis. Norovirus was detected in 449 of 2,376 (19%) specimens. Four genogroup I (GI) genotypes and 12 GII genotypes, including one new GII genotype, were detected. The GII/4 sequences were predominant, accounting for 19 of 55 (35%) outbreaks and 16 of 35 (46%) sporadic cases. Our results also showed that a large number of asymptomatic food handlers were infected with norovirus GII/4 strains. Norovirus GII had a slightly higher mean viral load (1 log unit higher) than norovirus GI, i.e., 3.81 ؋ 10 8 versus 2.79 ؋ 10 7 copies/g of stool. Among norovirus GI strains, GI/4 had the highest mean viral load, whereas among GII strains, GII/4 had the highest mean viral load (2.02 ؋ 10 8 and 7.96 ؋ 10 9 copies/g of stool, respectively). Importantly, we found that asymptomatic individuals had mean viral loads similar to those of symptomatic individuals, which may account for the increased number of infections and the predominance of an asymptomatic transmission route.The positive-sense polyadenylated single-stranded RNA virus family Caliciviridae contains four genera: Norovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus (1). The prototype strain of human norovirus is the Norwalk virus (NV/Human/US/1968), which was first discovered in an outbreak of gastroenteritis in an elementary school in Norwalk, OH, in 1968 (15). Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the world; they cause outbreaks in various settings, including hospitals, cruise ships, schools, and restaurants (2,9,12,15,23,24,29). In addition, noroviruses have been detected in environmental samples (e.g., treated and untreated sewage) as well as in contaminated foods such as oysters, shellfish, sandwiches, salads, raspberries, and even ice (7,18,19,26). Numerous molecular epidemiological studies have revealed a global distribution of these viruses (25,27,31).The most widely used method of detecting noroviruses is reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), which has high sensitivity; also, the products can be used for further genetic analysis. Real-time RT-PCR assays have also been developed; they are sensitive, broadly reactive, and rapid for the detection of human noroviruses in clinical stool specimens and environmental samples (13,14,21).As the detection methods become more and more sensitive, the numbers of genogroups and genotypes are expected to increase. One emerging characteristic is that strains have been found to persist in one geographical region, only to disapp...

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“…All outbreaks were caused by a different persistent source of exposure: two were confirmed to be associated with the consumption of berries, while strawberries were one of the suspected vehicles of infection in the third outbreak. In the Nordic countries outbreak, having two closely related sequences co-circulating may suggest an environmental contamination of the berries, most likely through sewage water [19,20], or that the berries have geographically close origins.…”

Section: Is There a Link Between These Outbreaks?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three simultaneous, food-borne, multi-country outbreaks of hepatitis A virus infection reported in EPIS-FWD in 2013: what does it mean for the European Union?

Gossner

Severi

2014

Eurosurveillance

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Detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: an indication of the source of contamination

Cited by 76 publications

References 36 publications

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Norovirus Infections in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Food Handlers in Japan

Three simultaneous, food-borne, multi-country outbreaks of hepatitis A virus infection reported in EPIS-FWD in 2013: what does it mean for the European Union?

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