Detection of nitrosamines in a commonly used chewing tobacco

Bhide, S. V.; Pratap, Aditya; Shivapurkar, NM; Sipahimalani, A. T.; Chadha, M. S.

doi:10.1016/0015-6264(81)90453-3

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…2 and 3). We have not directly assayed the NOCs formed but this has been repeatedly reported (Bhide et al, 1981;Wenke and Hoffman, 1983;Ohshima et al, 1989;Steenkamp et al, 1989). These NOCs could interfere with DNA replicative activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of arecoline and sodium nitrite on human cells in vitro

Wary

Sharan

1991

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Arecoline, an active alkaloid of Areca catechu L., and sodium nitrite, a food additive, are highly cytotoxic and cytostatic on the Hep 2 cell line when administered in an acidic environment (pH 4.2) in the presence of S-9 mixture. Hep 2 cells (10(6)) were treated with either 0.145, 0.725 or 1.449 mM sodium nitrite or 0.042, 0.085 or 0.339 mM arecoline or sodium nitrite (0.145 mM) plus varied concentrations of arecoline (0.042, 0.085 or 0.339 mM). Their effects were additive in nature. Hep 2 cells exposed to this combination showed reduced cell survival, and lower rates of DNA and protein syntheses. Involvement of N-nitroso derivatives of arecoline is suggested to explain the results. On the basis of these studies, we speculate that N-nitroso compounds derived from arecoline can (weakly) interact with DNA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of arecoline and sodium nitrite on human cells in vitro

Wary

Sharan

1991

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…The frequency of micronucleated cells in the oral mucosa is increased in all three groups over that found in non-chewing individuals ( Table V). The chewing material, including betel nut and tobacco, contains agents with genotoxic (Stich and Stich, 1982;Stich et al, 1981Stich et al, , 1982bPanigrahi and Rao, 1982;Sadasivan et al, 1978) and carcinogenic (Suri et al, 1971;Ranadive et al, 1979;Bhide et al, 1981;Shivapurkar et al, 1980) or cocarcinogenic (Bock et al, 1964;Van Duuren et al, 1973) properties. The saliva of betel nut, pan and Indian tobacco chewers shows relatively strong genotoxic activities (Stich and Stich, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the USSR, the chewing of nass, which consists of tobacco powder, wood ash and lime, has been linked to the relatively high incidence of oral cancer (Paches and Milievskaya, 1980), and in India, the consumption of a powdered tobacco plus lime mixture is involved in the development of commonly called "Khaini cancers" (Hirayama, 1966;Muir and Kirk, 1960;Khanolkar and Suryabai, 1945). Analytical studies on tobacco point to N-nitrosamines as possible causative agents (Hecht et al, 1978;Hoffmann et al, 1979Hoffmann et al, , 1980Bhide et al, 1981) and to phenolics as possible promoters (Hecht et al, 1981). Of particular relevance appears to be the observation that several potent carcinogenic N-nitrosamines appear in the saliva of snuff users who are at high risk for oral cancers (Hoffmann and Adams, 1981).…”

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confidence: 99%

Application of the micronucleus test to exfoliated cells of high cancer risk groups: Tobacco chewers

Stich¹,

Curtis²,

Parida

1982

Intl Journal of Cancer

131

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Powdered tobacco (Khaini tobacco) with the addition of lime is commonly used by the residents of Bihar, India. The tobacco/lime mixture is usually placed on the inner side of the lower lip within the gingivolabial groove. About 42% of the users keep it at the front, the rest move the tobacco towards the left or right side within the oral cavity. Carcinomas (so-called "Khaini cancers") develop mainly at the site where the tobacco is in close contact with the mucosa. Scrapings of the mucosa were taken at sites where the tobacco is kept, then smears were prepared, stained with the Feulgen reaction and fast green, and screened for micronuclei which indicate the occurrence of chromosome aberrations in the dividing cell population of the basal layer. An elevated frequency of cells with micronuclei was found in the oral mucosa of all 27 examined Khaini tobacco users (Munda and Santal tribes) compared to that of non-chewers of similar ethnic background and dietary habits. The induction of micronucleated mucosa cells seems to be due to genotoxic agents released from the tobacco/lime mixture. In vitro, an aqueous extract of the Khaini tobacco elicits chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in cultured human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. No chromosome-damaging effect was observed following the application of lime or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The micronucleus test on exfoliated cells can provide evidence of carcinogen exposure in the tissue from which cancers will develop. This approach combines all the advantages of in vitro short-term tests for genotoxic and carcinogenic agents with those of using an intact organism with all its defence mechanisms.

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“…HoFFMANN and AoAMs (6) have shown the presence of TSNA in snuff. BmnE et al (7) have detected N'-nitrosonornicotine [NNNJ and several volatile ·nitrosamines in the "Pandharpuri'" variety of chewing tobacco. Since tobacco chewing is a very popular habit among Indian people, it seemed important to study the TSNA in two species of tobacco: N. rustica, mainly used for chewing, and N. tabacum, used for chewing as well as for smoking.…”

Section: Assungmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines [TSNA] in Green Mature and Processed Tobacco Leaves from India

Bhide

Nair

Maru

et al. 1987

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYTobacco-specific N-nitrosamines [TSNA] and tobacco alkaloids were determined in green mature tobacco leaves, sun-dried leaves and processed tobacco from the species N. rustica and N. tabacum cultivated in two different locations. Analyses showed the presence of TSNA in green mature tobacco leaves and the levels of TSNA increased further upon sun-drying and processing. N. rustica showed relatively higher amounts of nornicotine as well as of N'-nitrosonornicotine [NNN]. A clear correlation between the amount of nicotine and nornicotine and the use of fenilizers was not found.

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Detection of nitrosamines in a commonly used chewing tobacco

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of arecoline and sodium nitrite on human cells in vitro

Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of arecoline and sodium nitrite on human cells in vitro

Application of the micronucleus test to exfoliated cells of high cancer risk groups: Tobacco chewers

Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines [TSNA] in Green Mature and Processed Tobacco Leaves from India

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