Detection of Ophidiomyces Ophidiicola in Three File Snakes (Acrochordus Granulatus) Imported From Indonesia to the Moscow Zoo (Russia)

Овчинников, Р. С.; Vasilyev, Dmitry B.; Gaynullina, Alla G.; Yuzhakov, Anton G.; Kapustin, A. V.; Savinov, V. A.; Gulyukin, Alexey

doi:10.1638/2020-0091

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Indeed, Oo strains recovered from captive snakes in Australia, Europe, and North America represented 3 separate clonal lineages (and hybrids of those lineages) that were also found in wild snakes in the eastern USA, demonstrating that these strains are circulating in captive snake populations across the world. Oo has been detected in soil in Malaysia [44], in snakes imported to Russia from Indonesia [45], and in a wild Burmese python (Python bivittatus) in Hong Kong [46]. Furthermore, isolates of Oo recovered from wild snakes in Taiwan include a representative that belongs to the North American clade (Clade II), as well as a divergent strain most similar to Clade III [27] based on multi-locus sequence typing analysis (S7 Fig) . Repeated detections of Oo in Southeast Asia, along with the presence of such diverse strains of Oo in Taiwan [27], indicate that the fungus may be native to that region.…”

Section: Plos Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The population genetics of the causative agent of snake fungal disease indicate recent introductions to the USA

Ladner

Palmer²,

Ettinger

et al. 2022

PLoS Biol

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Snake fungal disease (SFD; ophidiomycosis), caused by the pathogen Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo), has been documented in wild snakes in North America and Eurasia, and is considered an emerging disease in the eastern United States of America. However, a lack of historical disease data has made it challenging to determine whether Oo is a recent arrival to the USA or whether SFD emergence is due to other factors. Here, we examined the genomes of 82 Oo strains to determine the pathogen’s history in the eastern USA. Oo strains from the USA formed a clade (Clade II) distinct from European strains (Clade I), and molecular dating indicated that these clades diverged too recently (approximately 2,000 years ago) for transcontinental dispersal of Oo to have occurred via natural snake movements across Beringia. A lack of nonrecombinant intermediates between clonal lineages in Clade II indicates that Oo has actually been introduced multiple times to North America from an unsampled source population, and molecular dating indicates that several of these introductions occurred within the last few hundred years. Molecular dating also indicated that the most common Clade II clonal lineages have expanded recently in the USA, with time of most recent common ancestor mean estimates ranging from 1985 to 2007 CE. The presence of Clade II in captive snakes worldwide demonstrates a potential mechanism of introduction and highlights that additional incursions are likely unless action is taken to reduce the risk of pathogen translocation and spillover into wild snake populations.

show abstract

Section: Plos Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The population genetics of the causative agent of snake fungal disease indicate recent introductions to the USA

Ladner

Palmer²,

Ettinger

et al. 2022

PLoS Biol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, Oo strains recovered from captive snakes in Australia, Europe, and North America represented three separate clonal lineages (and hybrids of those lineages) that were also found in wild snakes in the eastern USA, demonstrating that these strains are circulating in captive snake populations across the world. Oo has been detected in soil in Malaysia [41], in snakes imported to Russia from Indonesia [42], and in a wild Burmese python ( Python bivittatus ) in Hong Kong [43]. Furthermore, isolates of Oo recovered from wild snakes in Taiwan include a representative that belongs to the North American clade (Clade II), as well as a divergent strain most similar to Clade III [27] based on multi-locus sequence typing analysis (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic analysis of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, indicates recent introductions to the USA

Ladner

Palmer²,

Ettinger

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Snake fungal disease (SFD; ophidiomycosis), caused by the pathogen Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo), has been documented in wild snakes in North America and Eurasia, and is considered an emerging disease in the eastern USA. However, a lack of historical disease data has made it challenging to determine whether Oo is a recent arrival to the USA or whether SFD emergence is due to other factors. Here, we examined the genomes of 82 Oo strains to determine the pathogen's history in the eastern USA. Oo strains from the USA formed a clade (Clade II) distinct from European strains (Clade I), and molecular dating indicated that these clades diverged too recently (~2,000 years ago) for transcontinental dispersal of Oo to have occurred via natural snake movements across Beringia. A lack of nonrecombinant intermediates between clonal lineages in Clade II indicates that Oo has actually been introduced multiple times to North America from an unsampled source population, and molecular dating indicates that several of these introductions occurred within the last few hundred years. Molecular dating also indicated that the most common Clade II clonal lineages have expanded recently in the USA, with time of most recent common ancestor mean estimates ranging from 1985-2007 CE. The presence of Clade II in captive snakes worldwide demonstrates a potential mechanism of introduction and highlights that additional incursions are likely unless action is taken to reduce the risk of pathogen translocation and spillover into wild snake populations.

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“…Cases in wild snakes have been identified in North America, Europe, and Asia, and cases in managed snakes extend to Australia. 20,22,30,33,35,38,40,51 All species of snakes appear to be susceptible and the disease has been documented in species of conservation concern. 4,9,11 Experimental infection studies identified the causative agent as Ophidiomyces ophidiicola , a keratinophilic fungus that can persist in soil and grows at a wide range of temperatures and pH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Clinical Trial Using Terbinafine Nebulization to Treat Wild Lake Erie Watersnakes (Nerodia Sipedon Insularum) With Ophidiomycosis

Haynes,

Stanford,

Cox

et al. 2024

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Detection of Ophidiomyces Ophidiicola in Three File Snakes (Acrochordus Granulatus) Imported From Indonesia to the Moscow Zoo (Russia)

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

The population genetics of the causative agent of snake fungal disease indicate recent introductions to the USA

The population genetics of the causative agent of snake fungal disease indicate recent introductions to the USA

Population genetic analysis of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, indicates recent introductions to the USA

Controlled Clinical Trial Using Terbinafine Nebulization to Treat Wild Lake Erie Watersnakes (Nerodia Sipedon Insularum) With Ophidiomycosis

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