Detection of Parkinson’s Disease from 3T T1 Weighted MRI Scans Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the aging population and is caused by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). With the onset of the disease, the patients suffer from mobility disorders such as tremors, bradykinesia, impairment of posture and balance, etc., and it progressively worsens in the due course of time. Additionally, as there is an exponential growth of the aging population in the world the number of people suffering from Parkinson’s Disease is increasing and it levies a huge economic burden on governments. However, until now no therapeutic method has been discovered for completely eradicating the disease from a person’s body after it’s onset. Therefore, the early detection of Parkinson’s Disease is of paramount importance to tackle the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in patients to serve them with a better life. In this study, 3T T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database of 406 subjects from baseline visit, where 203 were healthy and 203 were suffering from Parkinson’s Disease. Following data pre-processing, a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture was developed for learning the intricate patterns in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans for the detection of Parkinson’s Disease. In the end, it was observed that the developed 3D CNN model performed superiorly by completely aligning with the hypothesis of the study and plotted an overall accuracy of 95.29%, average recall of 0.943, average precision of 0.927, average specificity of 0.9430, f1-score of 0.936, and Receiver Operating Characteristic—Area Under Curve (ROC-AUC) score of 0.98 for both the classes respectively.

The Role of Neural Network for the Detection of Parkinson’s Disease: A Scoping Review

“…Recently, with the developments of new techniques such as convolutional neural network [ 101 ] and transfer learning [ 63 ], deep learning gained significant advances in the computer vision tasks, e.g., ImageNet [ 77 ]. Therefore, most of the studies used different imaging data to diagnose PD, such as MRI ( n = 12) [ 41 , 47 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 66 , 72 , 78 , 82 , 86 , 90 , 95 ] and handwritten images ( n = 9) [ 3 , 19 , 25 , 30 , 69 , 75 , 101 , 102 ], as well as PET and CT imaging ( n = 6) [ 28 , 59 , 67 , 71 , 88 , 90 ] and DaTscan imaging ( n = 4) [ 54 , 76 , 99 , 103 ]. However, CNN and transfer learning techniques were not limited to imaging data; they also learn complex features from voices and signal data [ 29 ].…”

“…Furthermore, for imaging dataset including MRI, PET CT, and DaTSCAN were mainly obtained from Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) to train classifier, as seen in [ 20 , 28 , 41 , 47 , 59 , 66 , 67 , 76 , 82 , 86 , 88 , 90 , 94 , 95 ]; hence, among all studies, CNN in [ 20 ] and FNN in [ 28 ] achieved an outstanding result for image classification.…”

Multi-Layer Picture of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Lessons from the Use of Big Data through Artificial Intelligence

“…and obtained an average recall, precision, and F1-score of 0.94, 0.93, and 0.94, respectively. Their model demonstrated to be good enough to not misclassify any PD subject [26]. CNNs can also be applied in the segmentation task to quantify structural changes in brain shape, volume, and thickness that may be related to neurodegeneration [18,27].…”

Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approaches for Brain Disease Diagnosis: Principles and Recent Advances

“…In [175], DAT-SPECT 3D projection data was exploited to train CNN for identifying subjects sufferer from PD and a high classification performance was obtained. To detect PD, a DL based approach was studied in [176], where 3D MRI was analyzed to realize intricate patterns of the brain's subcortical structures. A 1D CNN architecture was designed in [177] to detect PD accurately and predicting severity by processing the signals from foot sensors.…”