Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Viral RNA in Fecal Samples of Goats after an Outbreak in Punjab Province of Pakistan: A Longitudinal Study

Ullah, Riasat Wasee; Zahur, Aamer Bin; Latif, Asma; Dasti, Javid Iqbal; Irshad, Hamid; Afzal, Muhammad; Rasheed, Tahir; Malik, Adnan Rashid; Qureshi, Zafar-ul-Ahsan

doi:10.1155/2016/1486824

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Ocular excretion of the virus starts three days earlier 22 , so fecal samples have some disadvantages in this regard. However, PPRV genetic material could be detected in rectal swabs by RT-QPCR until the end of the experiment, confirming results obtained in previous studies 19 , 20 and suggesting that animals infected by the virus could be identified relatively early on and during the whole course of infection based on fecal samples.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Optimization and evaluation of a non-invasive tool for peste des petits ruminants surveillance and control

Bataillé

Kwiatek

Belfkhi

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and devastating viral disease affecting mainly sheep and goats, but also a large number of wild species within the order Artiodactyla. A better understanding of PPR transmission dynamics in multi-host systems is necessary to efficiently control the disease, in particular where wildlife and livestock co-occur. Notably, the role of wildlife in PPR epidemiology is still not clearly understood. Non-invasive strategies to detect PPR infection without the need for animal handling could greatly facilitate research on PPR epidemiology and management of the disease in atypical hosts and in complex field situations. Here, we describe optimized methods for the direct detection of PPR virus genetic material and antigen in fecal samples. We use these methods to determine the detection window of PPR in fecal samples, and compare the sensitivity of these methods to standard invasive sampling and PPR diagnostic methods using field samples collected at a wildlifelivestock interface in Africa. Our results show that quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-QPCR) amplification of PPRV from fecal swabs has good sensitivity in comparison to ocular swabs. Animals infected by PPRV could be identified relatively early on and during the whole course of infection based on fecal samples using RT-QPCR. Partial gene sequences could also be retrieved in some cases, from both fecal and ocular samples, providing important information about virus origin and relatedness to other PPRV strains. Non-invasive strategies for PPRV surveillance could provide important data to fill major gaps in our knowledge of the multi-host PPR epidemiology. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and devastating disease caused by a virus of the genusMorbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae 1 . PPR virus (PPRV) affects mainly sheep and goats, but also a large number of wild species within the order Artiodactyla 1,2 . PPR occurrence in livestock must be notified to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the disease is now the target of a global eradication campaign 3 . PPR is endemic in large parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, and is still spreading globally, with emergence notably reported in Georgia 4 , Mongolia 5 , and most recently within the European Union in Bulgaria 6 .Better understanding of PPR transmission dynamics is necessary to efficiently control the disease. Notably, the role of wildlife in PPR epidemiology is still not clearly understood 7,8 . Importantly, the potential for spill-over PPR infection between wildlife and livestock and the direction of these spill-overs are still poorly studied. Also, the capacity of PPR virus to be transmitted and maintained within wildlife populations without a domestic host source has still not yet been demonstrated. The role of wildlife is particularly important to explore in Africa and Central-South Asia including the Himalayas where multi-host systems composed of a large diversity and population of wild ungulate species an...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Optimization and evaluation of a non-invasive tool for peste des petits ruminants surveillance and control

Bataillé

Kwiatek

Belfkhi

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Whilst nasal swabbing was most productive in terms of detecting viral nucleic acid, sampling other fomites also demonstrated the presence of viral RNA in samples. Of interest, the detection of viral nucleic acid in fecal samples can be used as non-invasive samples, particularly in wildlife sampling [15,27,28,29,30], albeit at a low viral RNA copy number, raises questions about viral shedding in fecal matter and whether this represents a potential mechanism of virus transmission. Certainly further studies are warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Levels of Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus in Excretions from Experimentally Infected Goats and Its Importance for Nascent PPR Eradication Programme

Parida

Selvaraj

Gubbins

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) have set a goal to globally eradicate Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) by 2030. To support the eradication programme we have quantified the levels of PPR virus (PPRV) nucleic acid excreted in body fluids (blood, feces, saliva, nasal and eye swabs) of PPRV-infected goats to ascertain which days post-infection animals are potentially infectious, and hence direct quarantine activities. The data will also indicate optimal sample strategies to assess presence of PPR infection in the naturally infected herd. Peak PPRV nucleic acid detection in different bodily fluids was between 5 and 10 days post-infection. As such, this period must be considered the most infectious period for contact transmission, although high viral load was observed through RNA detection in nasal excretions from two days post-infection until at least two weeks post-infection. Percentage sample positivity was low both in eye swabs and saliva samples during the early stage of infection although RNA was detected as late as two weeks post-infection. From the individual animal data, PPRV was detected later post-infection in fecal material than in other body fluids and the detection was intermittent. The results from this study indicate that nasal swabs are the most appropriate to sample when considering molecular diagnosis of PPRV.

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“…At present, there are limited data (Wasee Ullah et al., ) regarding the successful isolation of infectious virus from faecal material and no attempts are currently documented as to the isolation of virus from milk. Therefore, samples which were positive in PCR were inoculated onto VDS cells and passaged.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection, isolation and characterization of Peste-des-petits ruminants virus from goat milk from outbreaks in Bangladesh and its implication for eradication strategy

Clarke

Islam

Yusuf

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Peste‐des‐petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants, which is endemic in much of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. In South Asia, PPR is of significant concern to the Indian subcontinent including Bangladesh as more than 30% of the world's sheep and goats are farmed in this region, predominantly by small, poor and marginal farmers. PPR virus was detected and isolated from goat milk from field samples from PPR outbreaks (2012–2015) in Bangladesh and its full‐length sequences obtained. Sequence analysis of the partial N gene of Bangladesh isolates showed 99.3%–100% identity whereas 98.2%–99.6% identity was observed when compared with neighbouring Indian viruses. Further analysis of the full‐length genomes indicated that the Bangladesh isolates were 99.3%–99.99% identical among themselves and 98.3%–98.4% identical to neighbouring Indian viruses. These findings further support the transboundary transmission of PPR virus across the Indian and Bangladesh border. In additional, the establishment of a cross‐border strategy between India and Bangladesh will be of paramount importance for the eradication of PPR in this region. Molecular detection and isolation of PPR virus from milk is of significant potential concern for spread of the disease to free areas as the major producers of goat milk globally are PPR endemic countries in particular India and Bangladesh, as well as Sudan. Milk is a noninvasive sample type and bulk goat milk sampling for the detection of PPRV would be of practical significance for regional surveillance of PPRV as progress is made towards the targeted 2030 eradication.

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Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Viral RNA in Fecal Samples of Goats after an Outbreak in Punjab Province of Pakistan: A Longitudinal Study

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Optimization and evaluation of a non-invasive tool for peste des petits ruminants surveillance and control

Optimization and evaluation of a non-invasive tool for peste des petits ruminants surveillance and control

Quantifying Levels of Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus in Excretions from Experimentally Infected Goats and Its Importance for Nascent PPR Eradication Programme

Molecular detection, isolation and characterization of Peste-des-petits ruminants virus from goat milk from outbreaks in Bangladesh and its implication for eradication strategy

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