Detection of Phytoplasma on Indian Fig. (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) in Mexico Central Region

Abstract

The symptoms found, deforming, buds proliferation, thickening and heart-shaping in cladodes, with arrested plant growth and deep yellowing of cladodes, were all attributed to the presence of a phytoplasma given the amplification of a 1200 pb fragment of the 16S rRNA gene using primers R16 F2/R2 and R16F2n/R2 and 80% of phytoplasma transmission efficiency of successful grafts. Conclusion: Although the symptoms observed did not completely match those described for this organism in the region, a 1200 pb fragment was amplified and PCR products restriction analysis leading us to assume that the phytoplasma corresponds to subgroup 16Srll, previously reported for other crops in others world regions.

Genetic analysis of ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma aurantifolia’ associated with witches’ broom on acid lime trees

“…Phytoplasma inducing a similar witches’ broom disease were reported in different host plants such as alfalfa ( Khan et al, 2002 ) and sesame ( Al-Sakeiti et al, 2005 ). Furthermore, the 16Sr II group was detected in other crops in the Middle East including Iran and Lebanon ( Weintraub & Jones, 2010 ), the Mediterranean region ( Tolu et al, 2006 ), Australia ( Aryamanesh et al, 2011 ), Mexico ( Hernandez-Perez et al, 2009 ), Indonesia ( Harling et al, 2009 ), Europe ( Tolu et al, 2006 ; Davino et al, 2007 ; Parrella et al, 2008 ; Harling et al, 2009 ), and Sudan ( Zamora, Acosta & Martínez, 2012 ).…”

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“…In the microphotographies of the scanning electron microscopy, cylindrical bodies appear as individual cells of variable size (500 to 1800 nanometers), and are distinguished from other compounds due to some that are duplicating; similar to the ones reported by Lebsky et al, (2010) En plantas enfermas se encontró que existe alta población con daños del engrosamiento de cladodio, como proliferación de frutos, mosaico, amarillamiento, deformación de frutos, acorazonado de cladodios, cladodios y frutos reducidos en tamaño, con proliferación de brotes en la cara plana del cladodio, tal como ha sido descrito para enfermedades provocadas por fitoplamas (Bertaccini et al, 2007;Hernández-Pérez et al, 2009). La alta incidencia del engrosamiento del cladodio en algunas de las huertas, puede deberse a la susceptibilidad genética, a la alta cantidad de planta producida bajo condiciones de macrotunel y/o al manejo intensivo, para producir en menor tiempo la mayor cantidad de planta (uso de estiércol y fertilizantes).…”

“…Además de su valor nutricional, los cladodios de nopal contienen varios compuestos con gran valor como antioxidantes, mismos que se pueden utilizar en la medicina alternativa para eliminar los radicales libres (Feugang et al, 2006;Msaddak et al, 2015). Al cultivo de nopal lo afectan enfermedades que limitan la producción, provocadas por Armillaria mellea, Macrophomina sp., Sclerotinia sp., Phytophthora sp., Erwinia carotovora., Pseudomas viridiflava., Xanthomonas sp., Gnomonia sp., Dothioerella sp., Alternaria sp., Cercospora sp., Phoma sp., Cytospora sp., Gloesporium sp., Pleospora sp., Colletotrichum sp., Capnodium sp., Mycosphaerella sp., Fusarium sp., Phyllosticta opuntiae., Aecidium sp., Agrobacterium tumefasciens y Virus X de las cactáceas, las cuales provocan diferentes sín-tomas como: pudriciones, gomosis, manchas, antracnosis, fumagina, chamusco, marchitez, roñas, roya y agallas (Borrego y Burgos, 1986;Hernández-Pérez et al, 2009). Una de las enfermedades más devastadoras, es conocida como "planta macho", caracterizada por el engrosamiento de cladodios, presencia de mosaicos, amarillamiento y deformación de los frutos (Cai et al, 2001;Bertaccini et al, 2007;Fucikovsky et al, 2011;.…”

New hosts of 16SrI phytoplasma group associated with edible Opuntia ficus-indica crop and its pests in Mexico

“…This phytoplasma problem (Fucikovsky and Yáñez, 2006;Hernández-Pérez et al, 2009a, 2009b has preoccupied the farmers for many years and for this reason, this work was done in order to determine the presence of some microorganism, possibly phytoplasma, in these sterile plants, where the farmers gave it the name Planta Macho (male plant), which indicates that it will not produce practically any fruit when the symptoms are advanced. About the above pest, in addition weeds, sucking insects and snails were also analyzed for phytoplasma detection.…”