Detection of red complex organisms in chronic periodontitis by multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is widely regarded as the second most common disease worldwide after dental decay. The trigger for the initiation of the disease is the presence of complex microbial biofilm in the subgingival area. The Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been found to predominate in the subgingival niche. The red complex, which includes Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia encompasses the most important pathogens in chronic periodontitis. The data of these microorganisms in periodontal disease in our country is sparse, hence, the aim of the study. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 subjects from both the sexes and within an age group of 21-85 years with chronic periodontitis were selected. Sub-gingival pooled plaque sample was collected by sterile Gracey curette from two deep periodontal pockets (probing depth [PD] ≥5 mm) DNA was isolated using in-house laboratory and multiplex polymerase chain reaction was carried out. Results: The mean gingival index, PD, and clinical attachment level were calculated, and the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia in individual and combination was also detected. The statistical analysis for the above-mentioned parameters was done using the software. Conclusion: It was observed that there was a statistically significant increase in red complex bacteria in the age group >41 years, although no gender bias was seen. Out of 170 subjects, 106 showed positive for red complex organisms, either singly or in varied combinations.

Red complex: Polymicrobial conglomerate in oral flora: A review

“…This is mainly due to interspecies interaction, co-aggregation, and metabolic interdependency among these three bacterial species. [6]…”

A preliminary study on detection of periodontal pathogens from saliva samples of selected Sarawakian

“…On the other hand, Sanghavi et al (2014) observed the highest detection of P. gingivalis and T. denticola pair in patients with periodontal tissue abscesses. The interaction among these three red complex species is primarily due to their metabolic dependence to each other for survival (Nayak et al, 2018). Having 9 gingivitis individuals with no detection of any red complex species may be due to the fact that red complex bacteria are known to be late colonizers and are more prone to be detected in the advanced stage of periodontitis (Mohanty et al, 2019).…”

“…Among the classified complexes, the bacterial species from purple, yellow and green complexes are linked to periodontal health, meanwhile the orange, red complex and unclassified species are counted as periodontal pathogens (Popova et al, 2013). The red complex consists of three-member species that are known as keystone pathogens in the development of periodontal disease, namely, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia (previously named Bacteroides forsythus, or Tannerella forsythensis) and Treponema denticola (Nayak et al, 2018). Being late colonizers in biofilm community, these bacteria are densely found at periodontitis affected areas (Mohanty et al, 2019).…”

Inhibitory Effect of Nepeta deflersiana on Climax Bacterial Community Isolated from the Oral Plaque of Patients with Periodontal Disease

“…Periodontitis is recognized as the second most common infection globally after dental deterioration. It is elicited by the formation of a complex biofilm of microbes in the subgingival region, which attach to host cells and tissues, leading to continuous injury and destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The species of bacteria belonging to two major complexes (orange and red complexes) are thought to be etiologic agents of periodontal diseases [ 4 ].…”

“…The species of bacteria belonging to two major complexes (orange and red complexes) are thought to be etiologic agents of periodontal diseases [ 4 ]. The red complex bacteria, which consists of Treponema denticola (T. denticola) , Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), is the most significant complex existing together in the subgingival plaque next to the periodontal pocket epithelial lining in deep areas and plays a major collaborative role in the progression of periodontal disease [ 1 ]. Animal researches have also reported the coordinated and collaborative pathogenicity of combined infections with Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) , T. denticola , T. forsythia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), and P. gingivalis [ 5 , 6 ].…”