Detection of salicylate and its hydroxylated adducts 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids as possible indices for in vivo hydroxyl radical formation in combination with catechol- and indoleamines and their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue

Sloot, W.N.; Gramsbergen, Jan Bert

doi:10.1016/0165-0270(95)00005-f

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Some authors have suggested that 2,3-DHBA is a more accurate representation of hydroxyl radical levels as 2,5-DHBA can be formed in vivo by the action of cytochrome P450 [16,17]. However, others disagree and have suggested that 2,5-DHBA is indeed an accurate reflection of in vivo hydroxyl radical levels [18,19]. It is still unclear which DHBA isomer better reflects hydroxyl radical levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Inhibitory effect of free radical scavenger, MCI-186, in the increase of hydroxyl radical induced by iminodipropionitrile in rats

Nomoto

2004

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Inhibitory effect of free radical scavenger, MCI-186, in the increase of hydroxyl radical induced by iminodipropionitrile in rats

Nomoto

2004

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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“…Salicylic Acid was measured in rat cerebrospinal fluid and striatal tissue using HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance and electrochemical detection (Sloot and Gramsbergen 1995). HPLC with spectrophotometry was used to identify and quantify Salicylic Acid in biological fluids without organic extraction, with a limit of detection of 3.89 µmol/L (Coudray et al 1996), and HPLC with UV detection of Salicylic Acid in biological fluids was also used by Krivosíková, Spustová, and Dzúrik (1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Assessment of Salicylic Acid, Butyloctyl Salicylate, Calcium Salicylate, C12–15 Alkyl Salicylate, Capryloyl Salicylic Acid, Hexyldodecyl Salicylate, Isocetyl Salicylate, Isodecyl Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate, MEA-Salicylate, Ethylhexyl Salicylate, Potassium Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Myristyl Salicylate, Sodium Salicylate, TEA-Salicylate, and Tridecyl Salicylate

2003

Int J Toxicol

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Salicylic Acid is an aromatic acid used in cosmetic formulations as a denaturant, hair-conditioning agent, and skin-conditioning agent--miscellaneous in a wide range of cosmetic products at concentrations ranging from 0.0008% to 3%. The Calcium, Magnesium, and MEA salts are preservatives, and Potassium Salicylate is a cosmetic biocide and preservative, not currently in use. Sodium Salicylate is used as a denaturant and preservative (0.09% to 2%). The TEA salt of Salicylic Acid is used as an ultraviolet (UV) light absorber (0.0001% to 0.75%). Several Salicylic Acid esters are used as skin conditioning agents--miscellaneous (Capryloyl, 0.1% to 1%; C12-15 Alkyl, no current use; Isocetyl, 3% to 5%; Isodecyl, no current use; and Tridecyl, no current use). Butyloctyl Salicylate (0.5% to 5%) and Hexyldodecyl Salicylate (no current use) are hair-conditioning agents and skin-conditioning agents--miscellaneous. Ethylhexyl Salicylate (formerly known as Octyl Salicylate) is used as a fragrance ingredient, sunscreen agent, and UV light absorber (0.001% to 8%), and Methyl Salicylate is used as a denaturant and flavoring agent (0.0001% to 0.6%). Myristyl Salicylate has no reported function. Isodecyl Salicylate is used in three formulations, but no concentration of use information was reported. Salicylates are absorbed percutaneously. Around 10% of applied salicylates can remain in the skin. Salicylic Acid is reported to enhance percutaneous penetration of some agents (e.g., vitamin A), but not others (e.g., hydrocortisone). Little acute toxicity (LD(50) in rats; >2 g/kg) via a dermal exposure route is seen for Salicylic Acid, Methyl Salicylate, Tridecyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate. Short-term oral, inhalation, and parenteral exposures to salicylates sufficient to produce high blood concentrations are associated primarily with liver and kidney damage. Subchronic dermal exposures to undiluted Methyl Salicylate were associated with kidney damage. Chronic oral exposure to Methyl Salicylate produced bone lesions as a function of the level of exposure in 2-year rat studies; liver damage was seen in dogs exposed to 0.15 g/kg/day in one study; kidney and liver weight increases in another study at the same exposure; but no liver or kidney abnormalities in a study at 0.167 g/kg/day. Applications of Isodecyl, Tridecyl, and Butyloctyl Salicylate were not irritating to rabbit skin, whereas undiluted Ethylhexyl Salicylate produced minimal to mild irritation. Methyl Salicylate at a 1% concentration with a 70% ethanol vehicle were irritating, whereas a 6% concentration in polyethylene glycol produced little or no irritation. Isodecyl Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Ethylhexyl (Octyl) Salicylate, Tridecyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate were not ocular irritants. Although Salicylic Acid at a concentration of 20% in acetone was positive in the local lymph node assay, a concentration of 20% in acetone/olive oil was not. Methyl Salicylate was negative at concentrations up to 25% in this assay, independent of vehicle. Maximization te...

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“…Collection and handling of samples for analysis of DA, 5-HT, SA, and related metabolites was done as described previously (56). Briefly, dissected striatal tissues (20-40 mg wet wt) were immediately frozen on dry ice and stored at 270°C.…”

Section: Collection Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels of SA, 2,3-and 2,5-DHBA, as well as 6-OHDA, DA, 5-HT, and their metabolites DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), HVA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid), and 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid) were determined in striatal tissues according to a previously described HPLC procedure with UV absor-bance and electrochemical detection (56). Since 6-OHDA standards had a retention time between 2,3-and 2,5-DHBA standards, 6-OHDA measurements were conducted in samples without SA with a detection limit of about 50 fmol.…”

Section: Analysis Of 6-hydroxydopamine Dopamine Serotonin Salicylamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like DA, 5-HT levels are depleted by Mn within the choosen time span of 24 h (54), which may significantly contribute to the formation of both quinones and free oxyradicals (43). In this study we used salicylate (SA) as an · OH-trapping agent, which forms the stable adducts 2,3-and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoates (DHBA) (35,56 and references therein), and microinjections of Mn 21 into rat striatum as described previously (55). Since it has been reported that 2,5-DHBA can also be formed via P450 enzymes, which is not the case for 2,3-DHBA, the latter is a more reliable index for · OH formation (35).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manganese-Induced Hydroxyl Radical Formation in Rat Striatum Is Not Attenuated by Dopamine Depletion or Iron Chelationin Vivo

Sloot

Korf²,

Koster

et al. 1996

Experimental Neurology

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The present studies were aimed at investigating the possible roles of dopamine (DA) and iron in production of hydroxyl radicals ( · OH) in rat striatum after Mn 21 intoxication. For this purpose, DA depletions were assessed concomitant with in vivo 2,3-and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) formation from the reaction of salicylate with · OH, of which 2,3-DHBA is a nonenzymatic adduct. Following intrastriatal Mn 21 injection, marked 2,3-DHBA increases were observed in a time-and dose-dependent fashion reaching maximum levels at 6-18 h and a plateau beyond 0.4 mmol

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Detection of salicylate and its hydroxylated adducts 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids as possible indices for in vivo hydroxyl radical formation in combination with catechol- and indoleamines and their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Inhibitory effect of free radical scavenger, MCI-186, in the increase of hydroxyl radical induced by iminodipropionitrile in rats

Inhibitory effect of free radical scavenger, MCI-186, in the increase of hydroxyl radical induced by iminodipropionitrile in rats

Manganese-Induced Hydroxyl Radical Formation in Rat Striatum Is Not Attenuated by Dopamine Depletion or Iron Chelationin Vivo

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