Detection of saliva morphine using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with immunochromatographic assay

Abstract

An immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method was developed for the detection of morphine in this study. Indirect competitive immunoadsorption was adopted in the ICA due to the small molecular weight of morphine. Antibody modified gold nanoparticles in the ICA were labeled with Raman reporters and were used as the SERS enhancement substrate. By measuring the feature peaks of Raman reporter MBA at 1,078 cm−1, a quantitative estimation of morphine can be obtained. The limit of detection of this ICA‐SERS method was 2.4 × 10−4 ng/ml for morphine, which was four orders of magnitude lower than the visual method. This study demonstrated that the proposed ICA‐SERS method is a good candidate for the rapid and accurate detection of illicit drugs in saliva. All the analyses in this paper were carried out in a Microsoft (MS) Excel platform using embedded R functions through Excel BERT add‐in.

Dual Naked-Eye and Optical Chemosensor for Morphine Detection in Biological Real Samples Based on Cr(III) Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles

“…Many analytical techniques and methodologies were used for MOR detection and quantification such as high-performance liquid chromatography, surface plasma resonance, immunochromatographic assay, fluorescence immunoassays, spectrophotometric method, chemiluminescence, surface-ionization mass spectrometry, and electrochemical methods. − ,, More details about the MOR sensors and detection have been discussed in reference reviews. ,, Although the mentioned methods can offer many advantages, but also have limitations, they frequently require technical expertise, high infrastructure, pretreatment sample steps, are time-consuming, and/or costly. In addition, till date, based on our knowledge, there is no published work for the detection of MOR in terms of used metal–organic framework (MOF) materials.…”

“…The development of fast, simple, selective, sensitive, and convenient approaches and methodologies for the monitoring of MOR in biological fluids is still a challenge. Many analytical techniques and methodologies were used for MOR detection and quantification such as high-performance liquid chromatography, 11 surface plasma resonance, 12 immunochromatographic assay, 13 fluorescence immunoassays, 14 spectrophotometric method, 15 chemiluminescence, 16 surface-ionization mass spectrometry, 17 and electrochemical methods. [2][3][4]18,19 More details about the MOR sensors and detection have been discussed in reference reviews.…”

Photonics of human saliva: potential optical methods for the screening of abnormal health conditions and infections

“…Li et al have developed an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on SERS technique for detecting morphine, which is the main metabolic end product of opium and heroin. The detection limit of 2.4 × 10 −4 ng/ml has been obtained for opium by this method, which is significantly lower than traditional ICA method (Li et al 2020 ). Authors have proposed this method as a rapid morphine detection technique for the screening.…”

Methods in Raman spectroscopy for saliva studies – a review

“…Alternatively, there may also be a need to perform such dilution to cause a reduction in the sample viscosity and thus ease of flow through a microfluidic channel. D'Elia et al, [11] while studying saliva and cocaine, avoid any pretreatment steps by transferring saliva to NMR tubes directly before resonant Raman analysis, an approach <10,000 [48,96,125,196,200,203,219,224,232,241,244,254,255] 10,000 [97,103,220,221,223,227,256] >10,000 [60,[98][99][100]131,193,202,204,217,218,222,257,258] Centrifuge time 1-2 min [96,232,256] 5 mins [60,193] 10 mins [48,[97][98][99][100]103,131,202,…”