Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by antigen ELISA test is highly swayed by viral load and sample storage condition

Adnan, Nihad; Khandker, Shahad Saif; Haq, Ahsanul; Chaity, Mousumi Akter; Khalek, Md. Abdul; Nazim, Anawarul Quader; Kaitsuka, Taku; Tomizawa, Kazuhito; Mie, Masayasu; Kobatake, Eiry; Ahmed, Sohel; Ali, Nor Azlina A; Khondoker, Mohib Ullah; Haque, Mainul; Jamiruddin, Mohd. Raeed

doi:10.1080/14787210.2021.1976144

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…RT-PCR is used to detect reinfection cases after vaccination. Mass testing with highly sensitive rapid antigen testing (RAT), capable of detecting COVID-19 infection in the acute phase, is crucial in monitoring reinfection cases post-vaccination [240][241][242]. Vaccine antigen-specific sero-monitoring and memory T/B-cell persistence are also essential determinants for the requirement of booster doses and epitope modification in vaccine designing.…”

Section: Importance Of the Integration Of Diagnostic Assays Pre-and Post-vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues

Khandker¹,

Godman

Jawad

et al. 2021

Vaccines

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COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. To date, only a limited number of vaccines have been given emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. There is a need to systematically review the existing vaccine candidates and investigate their safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, unwanted events, and limitations. The review was undertaken by searching online databases, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with finally 59 studies selected. Our findings showed several types of vaccine candidates with different strategies against SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated, mRNA-based, recombinant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines, are being developed and launched. We have compared these vaccines in terms of their efficacy, side effects, and seroconversion based on data reported in the literature. We found mRNA vaccines appeared to have better efficacy, and inactivated ones had fewer side effects and similar seroconversion in all types of vaccines. Overall, global variant surveillance and systematic tweaking of vaccines, coupled with the evaluation and administering vaccines with the same or different technology in successive doses along with homologous and heterologous prime-booster strategy, have become essential to impede the pandemic. Their effectiveness appreciably outweighs any concerns with any adverse events.

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Section: Importance Of the Integration Of Diagnostic Assays Pre-and Post-vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues

Khandker¹,

Godman

Jawad

et al. 2021

Vaccines

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“…A positive test signal results when the anti-COVID-19 IgG becomessandwiched between the anti-human IgG probe and absorbed antigen. Due to the merit of robust infection stage detection for antigen led to widespread use of the ELISA test to evaluate the infection status in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic [ 95 ].…”

Section: Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotechnological Perspectives to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic: Precise Diagnostics and Inevitable Vaccine Paradigms

Aileni

Rohela

Jogam

et al. 2022

Cells

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The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause for the ongoing global public health emergency. It is more commonly known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); the pandemic threat continues to spread aroundthe world with the fluctuating emergence of its new variants. The severity of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic to serious acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which has led to a high human mortality rate and disruption of socioeconomic well-being. For the restoration of pre-pandemic normalcy, the international scientific community has been conducting research on a war footing to limit extremely pathogenic COVID-19 through diagnosis, treatment, and immunization. Since the first report of COVID-19 viral infection, an array of laboratory-based and point-of-care (POC) approaches have emerged for diagnosing and understanding its status of outbreak. The RT-PCR-based viral nucleic acid test (NAT) is one of the rapidly developed and most used COVID-19 detection approaches. Notably, the current forbidding status of COVID-19 requires the development of safe, targeted vaccines/vaccine injections (shots) that can reduce its associated morbidity and mortality. Massive and accelerated vaccination campaigns would be the most effective and ultimate hope to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak, emerging biotechnologies and their multidisciplinary approaches have accelerated the understanding of molecular details as well as the development of a wide range of diagnostics and potential vaccine candidates, which are indispensable to combating the highly contagious COVID-19. Several vaccine candidates have completed phase III clinical studies and are reported to be effective in immunizing against COVID-19 after their rollout via emergency use authorization (EUA). However, optimizing the type of vaccine candidates and its route of delivery that works best to control viral spread is crucial to face the threatening variants expected to emerge over time. In conclusion, the insights of this review would facilitate the development of more likely diagnostics and ideal vaccines for the global control of COVID-19.

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“…Due to the multitude of types of antibodies that appear following infection with the virus within seven days of symptom onset, the accuracy of antibody-dependent diagnosis is poor (around 40%) [ 46 ]. Protein antigen detection techniques have received much interest due to their simple detection methods to realize a non-sequencing prognosis [ 37 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Section: Microfluidics In Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidics Technology in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis and Beyond: A Systematic Review

Jamiruddin

Meghla

Islam

et al. 2022

Life

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With the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic, new technologies are being implemented for more rapid, scalable, and sensitive diagnostics. The implementation of microfluidic techniques and their amalgamation with different detection techniques has led to innovative diagnostics kits to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, antigens, and nucleic acids. In this review, we explore the different microfluidic-based diagnostics kits and how their amalgamation with the various detection techniques has spearheaded their availability throughout the world. Three other online databases, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were referred for articles. One thousand one hundred sixty-four articles were determined with the search algorithm of microfluidics followed by diagnostics and SARS-CoV-2. We found that most of the materials used to produce microfluidics devices were the polymer materials such as PDMS, PMMA, and others. Centrifugal force is the most commonly used fluid manipulation technique, followed by electrochemical pumping, capillary action, and isotachophoresis. The implementation of the detection technique varied. In the case of antibody detection, spectrometer-based detection was most common, followed by fluorescence-based as well as colorimetry-based. In contrast, antigen detection implemented electrochemical-based detection followed by fluorescence-based detection, and spectrometer-based detection were most common. Finally, nucleic acid detection exclusively implements fluorescence-based detection with a few colorimetry-based detections. It has been further observed that the sensitivity and specificity of most devices varied with implementing the detection-based technique alongside the fluid manipulation technique. Most microfluidics devices are simple and incorporate the detection-based system within the device. This simplifies the deployment of such devices in a wide range of environments. They can play a significant role in increasing the rate of infection detection and facilitating better health services.

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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by antigen ELISA test is highly swayed by viral load and sample storage condition

Cited by 25 publications

References 36 publications

A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues

A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues

Biotechnological Perspectives to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic: Precise Diagnostics and Inevitable Vaccine Paradigms

Microfluidics Technology in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis and Beyond: A Systematic Review

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