Detection of toxicity in ruminants consuming leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) using a urine colorimetric test

Graham, Sam R.; Dalzell, Scott A.; Kerven, G. L.; Shelton, H. M.

doi:10.17138/tgft(2)63-65

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Coconut fibers would favor adequate humidity and the aeration of the breeding environment which are, among others, essential conditions to development of earthworms (Sierra et al, 2013). The weak growth of worms raised in the substrate with L. leucocephala could have been impacted by possible toxic effect of mimosine or toxic compounds such as saponins (Graham et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cow Dung and Manure of Laying Hens on Growth and Reproduction of Eudrilus eugeniae

Byambas

Lemtiri

Francis

et al. 2017

IJAB

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The objective of the current study was to compare the effect of cow dung and manure of laying hens, associated to one of the three carbon substrates, on weight and population of this worm. Each substrate was sown with twenty (20) adult worms, 0.7 to 1 g weight. The weight of worms was collected at the beginning and at the end of breeding. The number was collected weekly until 60 days of breeding. The average number of worms was multiplied by 2.38 (60±6.78 in cow dung, 40±6.81 in manure of laying hens and 43 ± 8.23 in control). The average weight of worms was 27.19±1.21, 24.41±1.20, and 22.41±1.44 g, respectively. These results suggest that cow dung is better than manure of laying hens for vermiculture of E. eugeniae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cow Dung and Manure of Laying Hens on Growth and Reproduction of Eudrilus eugeniae

Byambas

Lemtiri

Francis

et al. 2017

IJAB

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“…Recipient animals were randomly allocated to receive either the Sumba rumen fluid inoculum or a control treatment consisting of a water drench (Table 4.1). (Graham et al 2014). Buffalo urine was spot sampled daily for 3 days prior to collection of rumen fluid, while donor animals were monitored 2-4 times during the 8 days pre-inoculation, with urine collected 5 and 10 days post-inoculation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methodology for hydrolysis of conjugated DHP to the free form was adjusted by omitting boiling for 1 hour (Graham et al 2014), and instead allowing samples to hydrolyse over several days at ambient temperature (up to 37ºC). During this period the colour intensified, indicating hydrolysis of conjugated DHP consistent with Graham et al (2014). Approximate concentrations of free DHP were estimated based on colour hue and intensity (Plate 4.1);…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methodology employed in this study was not able to measure initial levels of conjugated DHP at time of excretion, as the acidification of samples initiated hydrolysis of the conjugated DHP. Nevertheless, despite sample preparation involving an additional acidification step (Graham et al 2014), after acid hydrolysis, ~27% (range 0-47%) of total 2,3-DHP remained in the conjugated form (Table 6.2). The fact that animals were not suffering from clinical or subclinical toxicity, despite in some cases, excreting exceedingly high levels of DHP, suggested that much of the DHP may have been in the non/less toxic conjugated form at time of excretion, and therefore was not contributing towards the animals' toxicity status.…”

Section: Jonesiimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is now apparent that considerable amounts of residual conjugated DHP commonly remain. Even the improved methodologies for hydrolysing DHP (Graham et al 2014) have not achieved complete hydrolysis of the conjugate (Halliday et al 2014b). It is therefore likely that the conclusion of Jones and Lowry (1984), that detoxification of DHP occurred via microbial degradation, underestimated the importance of the conjugation pathway.…”

Section: Evidence Of Conjugation Occurringmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unravelling Leucaena leucocephala toxicity: ruminant studies in eastern Indonesia and Australia

Halliday¹

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The forage tree legume leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. glabrata (Rose) Zarate] is a high-quality ruminant feed vitally important as a source of protein for livestock production in tropical regions. However, the presence of the acutely toxic nonprotein amino acid mimosine in leaves and seeds, and its breakdown to chronically toxic hydroxypyridones (DHP), was believed to limit its productivity and adversely affect animal health. The Australian development of a fermenter-cultured oral inoculum containing the DHP-degrading ruminal bacterium Synergistes jonesii in the 1980s was thought to overcome this issue; however, anecdotal evidence of leucaena toxicity symptoms occurring in inoculated animals remained. In response, a program of research was initiated to investigate the efficacy of S. jonesii as well as other methods of protection against toxicity in ruminants. Broadly, this involved two areas of research, namely the effectiveness of: (a) microbiological degradation via S. jonesii; and (b) non-microbial metabolic detoxification. Key objectives were to: (a) determine the efficacy of inoculation with S. jonesii both within Indonesia and Australia; (b) profile the toxicity status of ruminants in eastern Indonesia; (c) investigate the impact of mineral supplementation on 2,3-DHP toxicity; and (d) determine the extent of in vivo conjugation of DHP and its role in protecting ruminants against toxicity. Initially, an Indonesian study involving the transfer of rumen fluid from "protected" ruminants to naïve Bali bulls was conducted. Sequential monitoring of DHP levels in urine indicated that there was no effect of inoculation. Secondly, a controlled animal house experiment was conducted in Australia to measure the impact of high leucaena diets on production in naïve steers and the effect of inoculation with the commercial S. jonesii inoculum. Key findings were: (1) inoculation had no effect on total DHP excretion; (2) indigenous S. jonesii strains were present in naïve animals prior to inoculation; (3) DHP did not suppress thyroid hormone production; and (4) high levels of the isomer 2,3-DHP were present without accompanying signs of toxicity. The leucaena toxicity status of ruminants in eastern Indonesia was then assessed in a survey across the four islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba and West Timor. A number of different strains of S. jonesii, including the ATCC type strain (78.1), were detected, however S. jonesii was always at low population levels and always accompanied by high levels of undegraded 2,3-DHP in urine. Despite this apparent failure of S. jonesii to degrade DHP, there was no observed impact on animal productivity or health. Accordingly, vii Contributions by others to the thesis This thesis is the original work of Michael Halliday.

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The Algorithm as Institution: Toward a Theoretical Framework for Automated Media Production and Consumption

Napoli

2013

SSRN Journal

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Media scholars have only recently begun to recognize and investigate the importance of algorithms to a wide range of processes related to the production and consumption of media content. There have been few efforts thus far, though, to connect these developments to potentially relevant bodies of existing theory and research. This paper seeks to address this gap by exploring the utility of institutional theory as a potentially useful analytical framework for continued inquiry into the role of algorithms in the operation of media systems; and by offering some suggestions for ways in which an institutional analytical frame can be extended into algorithmic contexts.

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Detection of toxicity in ruminants consuming leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) using a urine colorimetric test

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Effect of Cow Dung and Manure of Laying Hens on Growth and Reproduction of Eudrilus eugeniae

Effect of Cow Dung and Manure of Laying Hens on Growth and Reproduction of Eudrilus eugeniae

Unravelling Leucaena leucocephala toxicity: ruminant studies in eastern Indonesia and Australia

The Algorithm as Institution: Toward a Theoretical Framework for Automated Media Production and Consumption

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