Detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Epstein-Barr Virus, and JC Virus DNAs in the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients with Focal Central Nervous System Comlications.

Tachikawa, Natsuo; Goto, Mieko; Hoshino, Yoshihiko; Gatanaga, Hiroyuki; Yasuoka, Akira; Wakabayashi, Tomoko; Katano, Harutaka; Kimura, Satoshi; Oka, Shinichi; Iwamoto, Aikichi

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.38.556

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…PCR performed on CSF can be useful in cases where cerebral toxoplasmosis is suspected but tachyzoites are not visible (541,621). Several PCR assays are available.…”

Section: Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

et al. 2010

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SUMMARY There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.

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“…PCR performed on CSF can be useful in cases where cerebral toxoplasmosis is suspected but tachyzoites are not visible (541,621). Several PCR assays are available.…”

Section: Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

et al. 2010

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“…Later, JC virus DNA was detected in the patient's CSF by PCR. Recently, besides JC virus, PCR is used as a promising diagnostic tool to detect Toxoplasma and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in CSF (35)(36)(37)(38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 1 Infection

Kim

Lee

et al. 2003

J Korean Med Sci

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A wide variety of neurologic complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection result from HIV-1 itself or secondarily related to immunosuppression. In Korea, the number of HIV-1 seropositive populations is increasing, but little has been known about the neurologic complications of HIV-1 infection. To investigate the neurologic complications in HIV-1 infected Korean patients, we performed a cross-sectional study in consecutive admissions to the Seoul National University Hospital between March 1998 and June 1999. Thirty-four HIV-1 seropositive patients were included. As a result, a total of 26 HIV-1 related neurologic complications were identified from 17 patients. Among them, 10 patients showed cognitive/motor abnormalities: 3 HIV-1-associated dementia and 7 possible HIV-1-associated minor cognitive/motor disorder. Neuromuscular complications were found in 10 patients: 9 distal symmetric polyneuropathy, and 1 possible chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. In 3 patients with focal brain lesions, 2 were presumptively diagnosed as having primary CNS lymphoma, and 1 as having progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the posterior fossa, based on history, clinical findings, serology, radiological appearances, and response to empirical therapy. Other complications included cryptococcal meningitis and only soft neurologic signs without any neurologic disease. Most of these complications (88%) occurred in the advanced stage of infection.

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“…EBV-related CNSlymphoma in AIDS is increasing, and CSF PCRis useful for diagnosis and for the differentiation of toxoplasma encephalitis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to JC virus (47,48).…”

Section: Epstein-barr Virus (Ebv) Cnsinfectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Viral Encephalitis: The Recent Progress.

et al. 2002

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In the new Japanese control law for infectious diseases, most varieties of acute viral encephalitis belong to Category IV requiring report of all cases at sentinel hospitals. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis comprises the majority of cases. With the increased prevalence of diagnostic procedures such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), several forms of HSV-1,and -2 central nervous system (CNS) infections, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, brainstem encephalitis, and myelitis, have been clarified. Since 1990 we have conducted a survey of HSVCNSinfections in the Kyushu and Okinawa regions, and the data are reviewed here. Trends include an increase in a new subtype of non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis.In contrast, the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Japan has dramatically decreased to a few patients per year; however, JE remains a threat for those with decreased or absent immunity to the JE virus. Imported emerging and reemerging CNSinfections such as Murray Valley and West Nile encephalitis can occur in Japan. Influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy is also described as a threat for adults as well as young children. (Internal Medicine 41: 420-428, 2002)

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Epstein-Barr Virus, and JC Virus DNAs in the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients with Focal Central Nervous System Comlications.

Cited by 38 publications

References 28 publications

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 1 Infection

Acute Viral Encephalitis: The Recent Progress.

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