Detection, Quantitation, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Japanese Oysters

Nishida, Tomoko; Kimura, Hirokazu; Saitoh, Masaaki; Shinohara, Michiyo; Katô, Masahiko; Fukuda, Shinji; Munemura, Tetsuya; Mikami, Takeshi; Kawamoto, Ayumi; Akiyama, Miho; Kato, Yumiko; Nishi, Kanako; Kozawa, Kunihisa; Nishio, Osamu

doi:10.1128/aem.69.10.5782-5786.2003

Cited by 151 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These data show that most genotypes exist in Japan, inducing NV-associated outbreaks and sporadic gastroenteritis. Detection of variable strains of NV within the Japanese population and in Japanese oysters has also been reported (14,15,26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2004

et al. 2005

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Noroviruses (NVs) are common pathogens that consist of genetically divergent viruses that induce gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Between September 1999 and June 2004, 1,898 samples obtained from patients showing sporadic or outbreak gastroenteritis in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, were tested for NVs by reverse transcription-PCR. NVs were detected in 603 samples. Approximately 80% were positive for genogroup GII, 13% were positive for genogroup GI, and the remaining 7% were positive for both genogroups. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GI and GII genogroups could be further divided into 13 and 16 genotypes (including new genotypes), respectively. The GII-4 genotype, which included five small genetic clusters (subtypes), was the most common in this study and was detected in approximately 40% of positive samples. The P2 regions of 10 strains belonging to each of the five GII-4 subtypes showed 5 to 18% amino acid diversity. The amino acid substitutions accumulated in the protruding (P) region during the 5-year study period. Our data suggest that highly variable NV strains are circulating in Chiba Prefecture, with a high rate of genetic change observed during the 5-year study period.The genus Norovirus is a member of the family Caliciviridae. Caliciviruses contain a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and include a further three genera, Vesivirus, Lagovirus, and Sapovirus (2,3,8). Noroviruses (NVs) have three major open reading frames (ORFs) that encode nonstructural, capsid, and minor structural proteins, respectively (8). They are one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis and have been detected in fecal samples from both humans (12,15,28) and animals (20,30,37). Human-associated NV outbreaks resulting from ingestion of contaminated water or food, such as oysters (4,5,18,23), and outbreaks in public places, particularly hospitals, schools, and cruise ships (9,11,22,36), pose an important public health problem.Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and sequencing of the partial viral genome are the most popular and useful procedures for obtaining epidemiological and genetic information on NVs. Human NVs can be divided into two genogroups, genogroups GI and GII, by genetic analysis of the RNA polymerase and capsid regions (1, 15), with several genotype classifications having been reported independently (1,16,33). Recently, based on the genotype classification of Katayama et al. (16), Kageyama et al. (15) reported on a detailed scheme for the genotyping of NVs based on distribution analysis by using the pairwise distance of the capsid N-terminal/shell domain. They classified the GI and GII genogroups into 14 and 17 genotypes, respectively.During the winter of 2002-2003, an increase in NV outbreaks was reported in Europe and the United States (6, 21). Moreover, worldwide, the GII-4 genotype (Bristol virus-like genotype) has been shown to be the predominant strain of NV associated with gastroenteritis (13,21,(34)(35)(36). Changes in the phylogenetic and genetic characteristics of GII-4 genotype strains...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2004

et al. 2005

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“…Although nested RT-PCR can increase sensitivity up to 10-1,000 times, it is less used because of the high risk of cross-contamination [29]. Real-time RT-PCR is more sensitive and it has become an alternative method for detection of low amounts of virus, especially from environmental samples [69,70].…”

Section: Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SybrGreen and TaqMan, have been used for detection of human NoVs from fecal and shellfish samples [69,70,[82][83][84][85][86][87]. These may be used for detection of porcine NoVs and SaVs in the near future.…”

Section: Real-time Rt-pcr-in the Past 2-3 Years Various Real-time Rtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Wang

Costantini

Saif

2007

Vaccine

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Porcine enteric caliciviruses include sapoviruses and noroviruses. Porcine sapoviruses infect pigs of all ages and cause diarrhea in young pigs, whereas porcine noroviruses were detected exclusively from adult pigs without clinical signs. Importantly, certain porcine norovirus strains were genetically and antigenically related to human noroviruses. This raises public health concerns that pigs may be reservoirs for emergence of epidemic human norovirus strains. This article reviews the discovery of porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses, their classification, diagnosis, epidemiology and genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses.

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“…Examples of successful application of the RT-PCR technique include the detection of norovirus in raspberries associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak, and the detection of the virus in oysters from China and Japan (Phan et al, 2007). Other PCR-based methods that have been developed include a nested RT-PCR approach, real-time RT-PCR, and the limited application of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, among others (Jean et al, 2001, Kojima et al, 2002, Nishida et al, 2003, Beuret et al, 2004.…”

Section: Pcr Detection Of Food-borne Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of PCR-Based Methods in Food Control Agencies – A Review

Iwobi¹,

Huber²,

Busch³

2012

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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Detection, Quantitation, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Japanese Oysters

Abstract: 2 copies of the NV genome were detected in 11 of 17 oysters. The results suggested that about 10% of Japanese oysters intended for raw consumption harbored NVs, and more than 50% of those oysters in which NVs were detected had a large amount.

Cited by 151 publications

References 25 publications

Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2004

Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, between 1999 and 2004

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

The Application of PCR-Based Methods in Food Control Agencies – A Review

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