Detection techniques of carboxylesterase activity: An update review

Carboxylesterase-activated near-infrared fluorescence probe for highly sensitive imaging of liver tumors

“…[5][6][7][8] Therefore, the investigation of CES activity in organisms is particularly essential, and currently, CESs can be studied indirectly through the measurement of DNA and protein levels. 9 However, these methods do not provide information on CES activity levels and are more complex to study, and in vitro studies of CESs in purified enzymes, microsomes, or cell lysates are constrained by the fact that they are not a complete system. 10 There are only a handful of methods for studying CES activity in live cells.…”

Immobilization of Hyperthermostable Carboxylesterase EstD9 from Anoxybacillus geothermalis D9 onto Polymer Material and Its Physicochemical Properties

“…Enzymes participate in speeding up chemical reactions in mild environments with very high substrate specificity. Among the great variety of enzymes, carboxylesterase has become the enzyme of choice due to its ability to efficiently catalyze many chemical reactions, including transesterification, hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. It is a cofactor-independent enzyme and has high regio- and stereoselectivity.…”

New Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Platform with Large Stokes Shift for Carboxylesterase 2 Detection in Thyroid Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases Diagnosis

“…As a member of serine esterase family, carboxylesterase 2 (CES2), localized in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), participates in many physiological processes and plays a key role in homeostasis and metabolic defense system. − In addition, it also undertakes important functions in the catalyzation of various endogenous substrates, detoxification of clinical drugs and environmental toxins, and metabolic activation of anticancer prodrugs in vivo. − Importantly, its abnormal expression mainly in liver, intestine, and kidney is highly associated with diseases such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and carcinoma. − In addition, although the lipophilicity of anticancer drugs increased through esterification reaction and membrane permeability is rationally improved, the CES2 activity in the ER is vital for the release of pharmacologically active ingredients of these ester prodrugs for cancer treatment. − As far, nothing has been achieved on the mechanism underlying CES2 and above-mentioned diseases. Hence, the evaluation and monitoring of CES2 activity during physiological processes or cancer treatment have gradually gained increasing attention.…”