Detection Theory

Macmillan, Neil A.; Creelman, C. Douglas

doi:10.4324/9781410611147

Cited by 2,104 publications

(2,058 citation statements)

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“…In signal-detection models, a manipulation that affects both hits and false alarms without altering accuracy suggests a change in response bias rather than sensitivity to the memory signal (Macmillan and Creelman, 2005). Sensitivity was measured as dЈ (the difference between z-transformed hits and false alarms) and bias to respond "old" or "new" as c (Ͻ0, tendency to respond "old"; Ͼ0, tendency to respond "new").…”

Section: Behavioral Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Broader View of Perirhinal Function: From Recognition Memory to Fluency-Based Decisions

Dew

Cabeza

2013

J. Neurosci.

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Although it is well established that the perirhinal cortex (PRC) makes an important contribution to recognition memory, the specific nature of this contribution remains uncertain. The finding that PRC activity is reduced for old compared with new items is typically attributed to the recovery of a long-term memory (LTM) signal. However, because old items are processed more easily or fluently than new items, reduced PRC activity could reflect increased fluency rather than LTM retrieval per se. We tested this hypothesis in humans using fMRI and a well-validated method to manipulate fluency: the masked priming paradigm. Some words during an old-new recognition test were preceded by conceptually related words (primes) that were subliminally presented (masked). The behavioral results replicated previous findings using this paradigm, whereby the fluency manipulation increased "oldness" responses to both old and new items. The fMRI analyses yielded two main sets of results. First, in the case of new items, which are independent from LTM retrieval, masked priming reduced PRC activity and predicted behavioral misattribution of fluency to oldness. Second, in the case of old items, the same PRC region showing fluency-related reductions for new items also contributed to "old" responding to old items. Individual differences in PRC attenuation also predicted oldness ratings to old items, and fluency modulated PRC connectivity with other brain regions associated with processing oldness signals, including visual cortex and right lateral prefrontal cortex. These results support a broader view in which the PRC serves a function more general than memory.

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Section: Behavioral Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Broader View of Perirhinal Function: From Recognition Memory to Fluency-Based Decisions

Dew

Cabeza

2013

J. Neurosci.

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“…The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) indicates the probability that a classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive instance higher than a randomly chosen negative one (Macmillan and Creelman, 2004). An AUC value of 0.5 is no better than chance, while an AUC value closer to 1 or 0 indicates a classifier with better discriminating power.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Action Selection and Timing in Substantia Nigra Neurons

Fan¹,

Rossi²,

Yin³

2012

J. Neurosci.

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The timing of actions is critical for adaptive behavior. In this study we measured neural activity in the substantia nigra as mice learned to change their action duration to earn food rewards. We observed dramatic changes in single unit activity during learning: both dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons changed their activity in relation to behavior to reflect the learned instrumental contingency and the action duration. We found the emergence of "action-on" neurons that increased firing for the duration of the lever press and mirrorimage "action-off" neurons that paused at the same time. This pattern is especially common among GABAergic neurons. The activity of many neurons also reflected confidence about the just completed action and the prospect of reward. Being correlated with the relative duration of the completed action, their activity could predict the likelihood of reward collection. Compared with the GABAergic neurons, the activity of dopaminergic neurons was more commonly modulated by the discriminative stimulus signaling the start of each trial, suggesting that their phasic activity reflected sensory salience rather than any reward prediction error found in previous work. In short, these results suggest that (1) nigral activity is highly plastic and modified by the learning of the instrumental contingency; (2) GABAergic output from the substantia nigra can simultaneously inhibit and disinhibit downstream structures, while the dopaminergic output also provide bidirectional modulation of the corticostriatal circuits; (3) dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons show similar task-related activity, although DA neurons are more responsive to the trial start signal.

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“…The primary analyses of interest focused on reaction time and accuracy to emotional targets, and accuracy of emotionmodulated response inhibition. As an additional measure of accuracy, a signal detection sensitivity measure (d') was computed (Macmillan and Creelman, 2005…”

Section: Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociable recruitment of rostral anterior cingulate and inferior frontal cortex in emotional response inhibition

2008

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The integrity of decision-making under emotionally evocative circumstances is critical to navigating complex environments, and dysfunctions in these processes may play an important role in the emergence and maintenance of various psychopathologies. The goal of the present study was to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of neural responses to emotional stimuli and emotionmodulated response inhibition. High-density event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured as participants (N = 25) performed an emotional Go/NoGo task that required button presses to words of a "target" emotional valence (i.e., positive, negative, neutral) and response inhibition to words of a different "distractor" valence. Using scalp ERP analyses in conjunction with source-localization techniques, we identified distinct neural responses associated with affective salience and affectmodulated response inhibition, respectively. Both earlier (~300 ms) and later (~700 ms) ERP components were enhanced with successful response inhibition to emotional distractors. Only ERPs to target stimuli differentiated affective from neutral cues. Moreover, source localization analyses revealed right ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activation in affective response inhibition regardless of emotional valence, whereas rostral anterior cingulate activation (rACC) was potentiated by emotional valence but was not modulated by response inhibition. This dissociation was supported by a significant Region × Trial Type × Emotion interaction, confirming that distinct regional dynamics characterize neural responses to affective valence and affective response-inhibition. The results are discussed in the context of an emerging affective neuroscience literature and implications for understanding psychiatric pathologies characterized by a detrimental susceptibility to emotional cues, with an emphasis on major depressive disorder.

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Detection Theory

Cited by 2,104 publications

References 0 publications

A Broader View of Perirhinal Function: From Recognition Memory to Fluency-Based Decisions

A Broader View of Perirhinal Function: From Recognition Memory to Fluency-Based Decisions

Mechanisms of Action Selection and Timing in Substantia Nigra Neurons

Dissociable recruitment of rostral anterior cingulate and inferior frontal cortex in emotional response inhibition

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