Deterioration mechanisms of building materials of Jiaohe ruins in China

Shao, Mingshen; Li, Li; Wang, Sijing; Wang, Enzhi; Li, Zuixiong

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2012.03.006

Cited by 81 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…An on-site field deterioration experiment was undertaken on the test wall in August 2018 as part of a wider project investigating potential future conservation methods for Suoyang. Field-based deterioration tests have previously been used in earthen heritage [3,28] and desert environmental studies [29][30][31][32][33] to quantify erosion rates, but have not been used to compare the effectiveness of different environmental forces, nor to compare the incipient deterioration features produced (e.g. gullies) with deterioration features seen on the historic walls.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthen heritage sites make up 10% of the World Heritage List with many of these sites located in arid and semi-arid environments [1]. Despite the universal value of earthen heritage, many sites have, and are continuing to experience, extensive deterioration which threatens to reduce their value [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper will focus on the deterioration of rammed earth as the sites comprising this material have been less investigated compared to adobe [e.g. [6][7][8][9][10][11], despite rammed earth experiencing extensive and widespread deterioration [3,12]. Hereafter, earthen heritage will refer to rammed earth in arid to semi-arid environments unless otherwise stated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

et al. 2019

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Earthen heritage constitutes 10% of sites on the World Heritage List and many of these sites are experiencing extensive deterioration caused by environmental forces, such as wind and rain. This study used a well-established test wall to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on the deterioration of earthen heritage at the remote and under-studied site of Suoyang Ancient City, Gansu Province, China, which is exhibiting widespread deterioration. Test walls have previously been used in earthen heritage research as they allow controlled experiments to be undertaken on complex, realistic structures without risking damage or loss of value to the historic material. This study used portable wind and rain erosion simulation devices to investigate experimentally (i) the comparative effect of wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain in causing deterioration to earthen heritage and (ii) how the incipient deterioration features produced by wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain on the test wall relate to the deterioration features recorded on the historic city walls. The test wall was subjected to low, medium and high intensities of clean wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain. The extent of deterioration produced was measured using repeat, high resolution laser scans before and after each test run. The deterioration features caused by each environmental force were notably different with clean wind removing the loose surface material, sedimentladen wind causing pitting and wind-driven rain causing incipient gullying. These incipient features compare well with more developed features seen on the historic walls. Wind-driven rain caused the greatest amount of deterioration while clean wind caused the least. However, as the frequency and duration of wind events at Suoyang is much greater than those of rain events, wind is likely to play an important role in the deterioration of earthen heritage over annual timescales. These findings show that conservation strategies at rammed earth sites like Suoyang need to address the impact of multiple environmental forces, such as clean wind, sediment laden wind and wind-driven rain.

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Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

et al. 2019

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“…Moisture was higher in the moderately and severely deteriorated samples S3 and S4 than in the not or slightly deteriorated samples S1 and S2 (p>0.05), and pH ranged from 7.32 in S4 to 7.48 in S1 (p>0.05). EC value and the concentrations of Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and SO 4 2were higher in the more deteriorated samples (P<0.05), whereas the concentrations of NH 4 + and K + were lower (p>0.05). In the SEM-EDS spot analysis, the relative proportions of C, S, O and Mg elements were higher in samples S3 and S4 than in samples S1 and S2, and those of Al, Si and K were lower (p>0.05) (Additional File 1: Table S1).…”

Section: The Physicochemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 88%

Changes in soil microbial communities at Jinsha earthen site are associated with earthen site deterioration

Zhang

Lin³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Earthen sites are immobile cultural relics and an important part of cultural heritage with historical, artistic and scientific values. The deterioration of features in earthen sites result in permanent loss of cultural information, causing immeasurable damage to the study of history and culture. Most research on the deterioration of earthen sites has concentrated on the physicochemical factors, and information on microbial communities in earthen sites and their relationship with the earthen site deterioration is scarce. We used high-throughput sequencing to analyze bacterial and fungal communities in soils from earthen walls with different degree of deterioration at Jinsha earthen site to characterize the communities and their correlation with environmental factors, and compare community structures and the relative abundances of individual taxa associated with different degree of deterioration for identifying possible marker taxa. Results:The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were higher and that of Actinobacteria lower with higher degree of deterioration. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Rubrobacter were highest in all sample groups except in the most deteriorated samples where that of Bacteroides was highest. The relative abundance of the yeast genus Candida was highest in the severely deteriorated sample group. The bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Bacteroides, and fungal class Saccharomycetes that includes Candida sp. were specific for the most deteriorated samples. For both bacteria and fungi, the differences in community composition were associated with differences in EC, moisture, pH, and the concentrations of NH 4 + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and SO 4 2-.

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“…However, effectively protecting ancient sites is becoming a global problem [1][2][3]. An immense quantity and variety of cultural relics have been excavated and preserved in China, as it is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilizations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental control strategies for the in situ preservation of unearthed relics in archaeology museums

Xin

et al. 2015

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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Deterioration mechanisms of building materials of Jiaohe ruins in China

Cited by 81 publications

References 3 publications

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

Changes in soil microbial communities at Jinsha earthen site are associated with earthen site deterioration

Environmental control strategies for the in situ preservation of unearthed relics in archaeology museums

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