Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children

Zaqout, Mahmoud; Vyncke, Krishna; Moreno, Luís A.; Miguel-Etayo, Pilar De; Lauria, Fabio; Molnár, Denés; Lissner, Lauren; Hunsberger, Monica; Veidebaum, Toomas; Tornaritis, Michael; Reisch, Lucia A.; Bammann, Karin; Sprengeler, Ole; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Michels, Nathalie

doi:10.1007/s00038-016-0811-2

Cited by 106 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These previous findings agree with our reported associations of FFMI or BMI with handgrip strength as well as between FMI and standing long jump. Evidence has also been presented indicating that a higher FM/BMI is related to worse performance in the 4 × 10 m shuttle run test [31,32] or 40 m test [30] (i.e., motor fitness), which agrees with our findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In general, a higher FM or BMI has consistently been associated with a lower cardiorespiratory fitness in children [5,6,7,8,30] and adolescents [31,32]. With regards to muscle strength, studies have reported that a higher FFM or BMI is positively associated with handgrip strength [30,31,33], whereas a higher FM or BMI has been associated with worse performance in jumping tests [30,31,32]. These previous findings agree with our reported associations of FFMI or BMI with handgrip strength as well as between FMI and standing long jump.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zaqout et al [30] observed that lower a BMI was associated with better performance in weight-bearing physical fitness tests and suggested that BMI represents a modifiable factor to improve physical fitness in children. Importantly, our results suggest that it is the components of BMI, i.e., less FMI and more FFMI, and not BMI per se that influences the physical fitness of children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial

et al. 2016

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Physical fitness is a powerful marker of health in youth. Studies in adolescents and adults suggest that higher fat mass is related to worse physical fitness. However, there is limited knowledge whether fat mass and fat-free mass are associated with physical fitness already in preschoolers. Baseline data from the MINISTOP (Mobile-based INtervention Intended to STop Obesity in Preschoolers) trial was utilized for this cross-sectional analysis. Body composition was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. Fat mass index [fat mass (kg)/height2 (m)] and fat-free mass index [fat-free mass (kg)/height2 (m)] were used to provide height-adjusted measures of body composition. Physical fitness was measured using the PREFIT (FITness testing in PREschool children) battery, which assesses cardiorespiratory fitness, upper-body and lower-body muscular strength as well as motor fitness. In total, this study included 303 children (168 boys and 135 girls), who were on average 4.48 ± 0.15 years old. Higher fat mass index was associated with worse cardiorespiratory fitness (standardized β = −0.17, p = 0.002), lower-body muscular strength (β = −0.17, p = 0.003) and motor fitness (β = −0.21, p < 0.001) in regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and mutually adjusted for fat-mass index and fat-free mass index. Conversely, higher fat-free mass index was associated with better cardiorespiratory fitness (β = 0.18, p = 0.002), upper-body muscular strength (β = 0.39, p < 0.001), lower-body muscular strength (β = 0.22, p < 0.001) and motor fitness (β = 0.17, p = 0.004). Thus, fat mass and fat-free mass in preschoolers appear to have joint but opposite associations with physical fitness, an important marker for current and future health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial

et al. 2016

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“…Zaqout et al 11 when analysing the determinants of physical fitness in children between 6 and 11 years of age, found a correlation between increased frequency of fruit and vegetable intake (as a marker of healthy eating habits), which …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The test consists of balancing on one foot on a bar for one minute. To obtain the result, one must count the number of tests that were necessary (not the falls), the lower scores indicate better performance 11 . Flexibility was assessed through the Sit and Reach Test to determine the flexibility of the posterior thigh and lumbar muscles.…”

Section: Instruments and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of motor capacities in the maturational stages of female adolescents

Barros

Lima

Sampaio

et al. 2017

J. Hum. Growth Dev.

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Introduction: Maturation is a biological phenomenon inherent to the human being that acts alongside environmental factors in its relationship with the development of children and adolescents.Objective: To analyse the motor skills during maturational stages of female adolescents. Methods:This study included 133 female adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years from federal schools in the city of Rio Branco, State of Acre, Brazil. Sexual maturation was evaluated using Tanner's self-assessment. Motor skills were assessed using the following tests: strength (Jump Test); coordination (Burpee Test); balance (Flamingo Test); flexibility (Sit and Reach Test); agility (Shuttle Run Test). The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software through analysis of variance. The significance level was fixed at 5%. Results:No significant statistical results were found for strength, agility, balance and flexibility, evidencing that maturational advances did not influence these skills. In the coordination variable, significant results were obtained. Conclusion:The results of this study suggest that maturational advancement in adolescents does not influence strength, agility, balance or flexibility. However, it does influence coordination, presenting better performance at stage P2.

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Roles of age, sex, and weight status in the muscular fitness of Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents living at altitudes over 3600 m: A cross‐sectional study

Zhang

Yin

et al. 2021

Am J Hum Biol

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Objective: This study aimed to assess the role of age, sex, and weight status in the development of muscular fitness in a large sample of Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents aged 7-18 years living in areas over 3600 m.Method: A sample of 4673 Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents aged 7-18 years were recruited from 21 schools in three cities (Lhasa, Naqu, and Anduo) of Tibet, China. Grip strength, standing long jump, 30-s sit-ups, and 50-m dash were conducted to determine muscular fitness. Independent sample t tests were conducted to compare muscular fitness between boys and girls for each age group. The changes in mean scores on each muscular fitness test were estimated. The influence of weight status on muscular strength level was also estimated using one-way ANOVA and LSD tests. We also compared the average muscular fitness between Chinese Tibetan and Chinese average level. Results:The muscular fitness of Chinese Tibetan boys aged 7-18 years was higher than that of girls, with older children outperforming younger children.Among the Chinese Tibetan boys, those in the normal-weight group showed the best performance, whereas overweight group showed the best performance among the girls. The performance of Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents in standing long jump and 50-m dash was lower while that in sit-ups was higher than the performance of their Chinese counterparts. Conclusion:Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents have relatively strong abdominal strength, but lower limb strength, which needs to be improved. Age, sex, and weight status should be considered when designing interventions to improve muscular fitness.

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Determinant factors of physical fitness in European children

Abstract: BMI together with physical activity, diet and psychosocial factors are modifiable targets to enhance physical fitness. This calls for policy approaches that combine these factors in a systematic way.

Cited by 106 publications

References 35 publications

Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial

Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial

Analysis of motor capacities in the maturational stages of female adolescents

Roles of age, sex, and weight status in the muscular fitness of Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents living at altitudes over 3600 m: A cross‐sectional study

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