Determinants of 25(OH)D Sufficiency in Obese Minority Children: Selecting Outcome Measures and Analytic Approaches

The relation of vitamin D status with metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence: an update

“…Also the findings from studies that examined only obese or overweight (BMI > 95th or BMI > 85th percentile) subjects (31)(32)(33)(34) were similar and did not differ from those with non-obese subjects (35)(36)(37)(38). Neither socioeconomic status nor physical activity where examined had any effect on the above findings (23,24,26,37).…”

“…Twenty of them reported negative/positive associations with IR/IS as assessed by homeostatic model assessment of basal insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), G F , I F , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI-IS), or whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) even after adjustment for BMI, sex, and age when reported (23,24,27,28,30,31,33,34,37,39,42,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51). One study reported that the association disappeared after adjustment for BMI and race (52); one, that it was seen only in the postpubertal age (53); and the rest did not find any such relations (25,32,35,38,41,(54)(55)(56)(57) irrespective of age, sex, or body weight. However, most findings support that IR attributed to vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency may start from early age, irrespective of sex, race/ ethnicity, total adiposity, or central obesity.…”

Low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with total adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension in Caucasian children and adolescents

“…It has been suggested that the antihypertensive properties of vitamin D include renoprotective effects, suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, direct effects on vascular cells, and effects on calcium metabolism (63). Interestingly, the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in African Americans beginning at an early age (26) and persisting throughout life may play a major role in the genesis and maintenance of hypertension (64). Although it is our contention that this group is at increased risk because of their high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, there are no data to suggest that Caucasian adults and children with vitamin D deficiency would be at lesser risk (64).…”

“…A significant association between 25(OH)D and CVD risk factors in children and adolescents would suggest that successful vitamin D supplementation has the potential to improve CVD risk markers and to lower the risk of CVD in adulthood. However, compared with adults, the associations between vitamin D and MetS as well as its individual CVD risk factors have not been fully explored in children (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). We therefore conducted a crosssectional study to examine the association of serum vitamin D levels with the MetS, its individual components, and early atherosclerotic abnormalities in a large sample of Italian overweight/obese and normalweight children and adolescents.…”

Vitamin D Insufficiency Is Associated With Diabetes Risk in Native American Children

“…This is consistent with prior studies, which have demonstrated a relationship between vitamin D and systolic and diastolic blood pressures in adults and children. [13][14][15] Inflammation, as indicated by elevations in inflammatory cytokines, is also recognized to correlate with diabetes risk and contributes to insulin resistance. However, vitamin D is known to reduce inflammation, and low vitamin D states are associated with more infections.…”