“…Numerous studies have demonstrated the unevenness of territorial-based TCEs at the national, regional and city levels (Scholl, Schipper, and Kiang, 1996;Greening et al, 1997;Duro and Padilla, 2006). A number of recent studies have focused on TCE variations at the household and individual levels (Brand and Boardman, 2008;Susilo and Stead, 2009;Brand and Preston, 2010;Ko et al, 2011;Qin and Han, 2013;Ma et al, 2015;Wang and Liu, 2015). These population-based TCE variations have been demonstrated by a variety of methods, including the varying coefficient, cumulative percentage curve, Gini coefficient and distribution rule methods (Duro and Padilla, 2006).…”