Determinants of drug resistant & drug sensitive tuberculosis patients from North India-a case control study

Tuberculosis epidemic in India – a systematic review

“…16,22,29,55,63 Drug-resistant tuberculosis According to current trends, drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), which is resistant to a variety of anti-tuberculosis drugs, is a serious problem in the Indian population, and as a result, it has become a new impediment to India's efforts to combat the illness. 33,36,45,56,59,64,65 The four first-line antibiotics for tuberculosis are rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. They are typically used in conjunction with other TB medications for the first 6 to 9 months of a patient's treatment.…”

“…They are typically used in conjunction with other TB medications for the first 6 to 9 months of a patient's treatment. 5,19,33,65 Unfortunately, all TB vaccinations that were previously effective in preventing the disease are no longer effective, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has begun to emerge. 56,59 There are number of factors, such as treatment failure, delayed diagnosis, financial difficulties, missed doses, drug side effects, dissatisfaction with services, lack of TB awareness, limited education and transportation, inconvenient clinic hours, prolonged treatment, non-adherence, alcoholism, illiteracy, other commitments during treatment, and insufficient support systems, have an impact on the spread of DR-TB.…”

“…5,38,56,64 Additionally, traditional healers, a non-allopathic provider, a private physician, and independent practitioners have a significant role in delaying the prevention, detection, and treatment of TB in both rural and urban regions, which ultimately leads to DR-TB. 22,[33][34][35][36]38 Furthermore, healthcare professionals can contribute to TB treatment failure due to various factors, including inadequate monitoring systems, a lack of courier services, insufficient knowledge and resources, increased workload, and a shortage of diagnostic kits. 3,5,6,64,66,67 Resistance to frequently given anti-tuberculosis medications results in extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and MDR-TB.…”

“…7,40,64 Furthermore, XDR-TB, a subtype of MDR-TB, is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, and any of three second-line injectable drugs (e.g., levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and bedaquiline), whereas MDR is only resistant to drugs of the isoniazid and rifampicin types. 33,36,45,59,64,65 Risk factors for MDR-TB include male gender, age over 60, living in crowded or congested environment using indigenous stove (Chulha), prior TB treatment, contact with an MDR patient, and being from a hilly region. 40,45,59,[68][69][70] India is the country with the greatest rates of TB related morbidity and mortality, along with risk factors such as undernourishment, alcohol smoking, diabetes, and HIV infection (Fig.…”

“…2,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] M. tuberculosis also has a diverse pattern of region-specific prevalence and susceptibility, genetic mutation over time, space, and environment. 23,33,34 Nearly one in every two TB patients' household contacts has latent TB, and the severity of the infection is related to the age of the household contacts. 28,35 Furthermore, old age group healthcare professionals are at a higher risk of developing a particularly latent TB infection due to their longer duration of employment and working in areas with high TB prevalence.…”