Determinants of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for waiting passengers at bus stops

Hess, Daniel Baldwin; Ray, Paul; Stinson, Anne E.; Park, JiYoung

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.046

Cited by 51 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Additional studies were found that assessed PM 2.5 exposures in non-hospitality settings such as outside of buildings, walking on city streets or in semi-enclosed bus shelters 7 31 34–37. However, the estimates presented in this paper are based on observational studies of hospitality settings and experimental studies simulating hospitality-like settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature

et al. 2012

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Objective This paper considers the evidence on whether outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) is present in high enough levels of hospitality venues to potentially pose health risks, particularly among employees of such establishments. Data Sources Search strings in PubMed and Web of Science included combinations of environmental tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke, or passive smoke AND outdoor, yielding 217 and 5,199 results, respectively through June, 2012. Study Selection Sixteen studies were selected based on abstract review that either entirely or partly measured outdoor SHS exposures (particulate matter (PM) or other SHS indicators). Data Extraction The methods used to measure SHS indicators, particularly PM, were assessed for inclusion of extraneous variables that may affect such measurements or the corroboration of ambient levels with known standards. Data Synthesis The magnitude of SHS exposure (PM2.5) is dependent on the number of smokers present, proximity to the measuring device, outdoor enclosures, and wind. Under specific conditions, peak outdoor PM2.5 levels can be comparable to those recorded in indoor smoky environments. Using data from both observational and experimental studies, annual excess PM2.5 exposure of full-time waitstaff at outdoor smoking environments could average 4.0 to 12.2 μg/m3 under variable smoking conditions. Conclusions Although highly transitory, outdoor SHS exposures could occasionally exceed annual ambient air quality exposure guidelines. However, such exposures are likely to be higher for occupationally exposed individuals compared to patrons due to repeated and cumulative outdoor SHS exposures. Personal monitoring studies of waitstaff are warranted to corroborate these modeled estimates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these 16 studies found in the peer-reviewed literature, 6 were completed in non-hospitality settings 7 31 34–37. Although evidence from these studies has been considered, the focus of this paper is on SHS exposure levels observed at outdoor areas of hospitality, or hospitality-like settings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature

et al. 2012

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“…It is important to mention that the area in front of the main gate of the university campus is a place for public bus stations and a stopover for commuting transportation. Therefore, this can be considered as a hot spot for exposure to high concentrations of PN 1-0.01 , PM 2.5 , and BC [69][70][71]. For example, Velasco and Tan [69] reported that exposure at a bus stop can be, on average, 1500 times higher than that at ambient levels reported by the local authorities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Carbon and Particulate Matter Concentrations in Eastern Mediterranean Urban Conditions: An Assessment Based on Integrated Stationary and Mobile Observations

et al. 2019

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There is a paucity of comprehensive air quality data from urban areas in the Middle East. In this study, portable instrumentation was used to measure size-fractioned aerosol number, mass, and black carbon concentrations in Amman and Zarqa, Jordan. Submicron particle number concentrations at stationary urban background sites in Amman and Zarqa exhibited a characteristic diurnal pattern, with the highest concentrations during traffic rush hours (2–5 × 104 cm−3 in Amman and 2–7 × 104 cm−3 in Zarqa). Super-micron particle number concentrations varied considerably in Amman (1–10 cm−3). Mobile measurements identified spatial variations and local hotspots in aerosol levels within both cities. Walking paths around the University of Jordan campus showed increasing concentrations with proximity to main roads with mean values of 8 × 104 cm−3, 87 µg/m3, 62 µg/m3, and 7.7 µg/m3 for submicron, PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon (BC), respectively. Walking paths in the Amman city center showed moderately high concentrations (mean 105 cm−3, 120 µg/m3, 85 µg/m3, and 8.1 µg/m3 for submicron aerosols, PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon, respectively). Similar levels were found along walking paths in the Zarqa city center. On-road measurements showed high submicron concentrations (>105 cm−3). The lowest submicron concentration (<104 cm−3) was observed near a remote site outside of the cities.

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“…Personal exposure levels to air pollution and in particular to fine particles (PM 2.5 ) are influenced by mode of transports, route and type of vehicle [8]- [10] and indoor emission sources (smoking and cooking). Some studies found that exposure to the particulate matter was higher in bus stops [11] and cars than during walking or cycling [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The EuroLifeNet Study: How Different Microenvironments Influence Personal Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> among High-School Students in Milan

Borgini¹,

Ricci²,

Bertoldi³

et al. 2015

OJAP

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Background: Epidemiological studies show that long-term exposure to PM is associated with an increased risk of cancer. The EuroLifeNet study measured the personal exposure to PM 2.5 in 90 pupils attending three schools in Milan, using a portable nephelometer, over a three-week period spanning November and December 2006. Background levels explained 40% of the variability of the exposure. Methods: As a second part of that study we analyzed the role of different microenvironments as determinants of personal exposure to PM 2.5. Results: Exposure was influenced by the time of day, zone of the city and different microenvironments. Exposure was higher indoors than out, and indoors it was higher in the kitchen, particularly during cooking. In outdoor environments exposure was higher at bus stops where road traffic was heavy. Conclusions: Even though background concentration can be a good predictor of personal exposure to PM, students' personal exposure is strongly influenced by different microenvironments and should be considered in population studies. The EuroLifeNet experience gives a contribution to personal exposure measure methodology.

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Determinants of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for waiting passengers at bus stops

Cited by 51 publications

References 27 publications

Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature

Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature

Black Carbon and Particulate Matter Concentrations in Eastern Mediterranean Urban Conditions: An Assessment Based on Integrated Stationary and Mobile Observations

The EuroLifeNet Study: How Different Microenvironments Influence Personal Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> among High-School Students in Milan

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Determinants of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for waiting passengers at bus stops

Cited by 51 publications

References 27 publications

Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature

Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature

Black Carbon and Particulate Matter Concentrations in Eastern Mediterranean Urban Conditions: An Assessment Based on Integrated Stationary and Mobile Observations

The EuroLifeNet Study: How Different Microenvironments Influence Personal Exposure to PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; among High-School Students in Milan

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The EuroLifeNet Study: How Different Microenvironments Influence Personal Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> among High-School Students in Milan