“…The empirical research on TCC is scarce, there have been a number of investigations in certain countries and regions around the world, among which are Australia (Tran-Nam & Glover, 2002), US (Slemrod & Venkatesh, 2002), Canada (Clemens, 2008), the UK (Hansford et al, 2003), Belgium (Schoonjans et al, 2011), Malaysia (Ibrahim & Pope, 2011;Sapiei & Abdullah, 2014), South Africa (Smulders et al, 2017) and Indonesia (Savitri, 2016). A problem with international comparisons, however, is that there is no common definition of compliance cost and no accepted methodology to obtain empirical assessments (Chittenden et al, 2003;Das, 2018).…”