Determinants of Indoor PM2.5 Concentrations in Ger, a Traditional Residence, in Mongolia

Ahn, Ju Young; Song, Lim; Shin, Hyerin; Jung, W.; Оchir, Chimedsuren; Lee, Ki-Young

doi:10.17262/kjph.2018.12.55.2.22

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In ltration and ventilation, as well as indoor emissions from cooking, smoking, and cleaning, could be sources of PM 2.5 in indoor environments. However, the result of very strong I/O showed that the primary source of indoor PM 2.5 is outdoor ambient PM 2.5 through in ltration (Xiao et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2020) A few studies have investigated indoor air pollution issues from the aspect of PM 2.5 concentration in Ulaanbaatar (Lee et al 2016;Lim et al, 2018;Ahn et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2021). Lee et al (2016) conducted research involving eight households in ger area and revealed that indoor mean PM 2.5 concentration was 119.8 µg/m 3 with the highest value of 202.7 µg/m 3 , which is mainly affected by cooking and coal-burning indoor stoves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Annual Result of Outdoor and Indoor PM2.5 Analysis in Two Different Building Types in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Batbold,

Narmandakh,

Batjargal

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Air pollution has been a significant environmental and public health concern in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, for many years. The city experiences severe air pollution, particularly during the winter months. To gain better insights into this issue, the present study investigated the annual trends of outdoor and indoor PM2.5 concentrations at two neighboring sites in Ulaanbaatar: an Office and a household, using low-cost sensors. Both locations exhibited similar fluctuations in outdoor PM2.5 concentrations over time, with ambient PM2.5 levels rising in October and declining in April. During the mid-term of the heating season (November to February), hourly averaged PM2.5 concentrations were exceptionally high, with peak pollution events exceeding ~ 1000 µg/m³. Notably, PM2.5 concentrations were elevated during this heating season period. Time-activity patterns showed a decrease in PM2.5 concentrations during the periods of 6–8 AM and 2–6 PM. Besides, the study found that the indoor environment could remain safe when windows were well-sealed, even under severe outdoor pollution conditions. Overall, this study provided accurate insights into the annual patterns of PM2.5 concentrations and demonstrated how they fluctuated during the heating season when pollution levels were particularly high. The findings offer valuable recommendations for individuals to consider when going outside and taking action to improve indoor air quality in Ulaanbaatar.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Annual Result of Outdoor and Indoor PM2.5 Analysis in Two Different Building Types in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Batbold,

Narmandakh,

Batjargal

et al. 2024

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Household indoor air quality can directly affect the health conditions of people dwelling in the home. However, there are only a few studies on the indoor air quality in ger [10], [11]. Furthermore, these studies were limited to one district in winter time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SEASONAL CONCENTRATIONS OF ELEMENTS IN BOTH INDOOR AND OUTDOOR HOUSING IN PM_2.5

Natsagdorj

Tugsbayan

BATTUMUR

et al. 2021

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Young children and elders, who spend most of their time at home, are at high risk of indoor air pollution. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate measures to reduce the levels of air pollutants, in particular, PM. This study determined the elemental characteristics of indoor PM2.5 concentrations in ger, house, and apartments where fuel types were different. The indoor air samples of PM2.5 and elemental chemical species in each ger were collected and measured from December 2019 to August 2020 in 18 ger houses and apartments in the residential area (Songino-Khairkhan district) and city center area (Bayanzurkh district) of Ulaanbaatar. In this study, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-OES) to evaluate the PM2.5 bound elemental composition. Average indoor PM2.5 concentrations were 94.24 and 42.07 µg/m 3 in residential and city centers for the winter, and 12.06 and 23.51 µg/m 3 for the summer period, respectively. In the PM2.5 samples, high concentrations of ambient elements were observed for Ca, Al, K, Zn, and Pb. The concentration of toxic heavy metals such as Pb was 1.4 times higher than the Mongolian National Standard (MNS 4585:2016, which is 1 µg/m 3 ). In conclusion, the seasonal variation of the elements' concentrations mostly depended on consumption, such as coal and wood consumption (W/S > 1). Crustal matter elements depended on dusting and vacuuming activities (W/S < 1). In addition to elements, there are other air pollutants in indoor that should be identified and quantified to estimate the health effects due to indoor air pollution, such as elemental carbon (EC) and organic compounds. Thus, it is warranted to further study the levels of air pollutants in indoor, especially in the residential area in Ulaanbaatar.

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Characteristics of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor PM2.5 of households in the Southwest part of Ulaanbaatar capital, Mongolia

Sainnokhoi

Kováts

Gelencsér

et al. 2022

Environ Monit Assess

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Air pollution, including PM2.5 concentration in Ulaanbaatar (capital of Mongolia) is a serious matter of concern. As the majority of households use coal in large areas of the city, indoor air quality is also posing a serious risk to human health. This study investigated the concentration of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) in indoor particulate matter (PM2.5) in 10 non-smoker households. Sampling was conducted in winter of 2018, between 27 January and 09 February. Concentrations of PM2.5 in the indoor air of households ranged between 62.8 and 324.8 µg m−3. Total concentration of PAHs also varied in a relatively wide range, between 46.2 and 175.7 ng m−3. Five-ring PAHs represented a considerably high fraction of total PAHs between 25 and 53%, benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were the two predominant compounds within five-ring PAHs. Significant correlation was found between indoor and outdoor particulate matter levels in wintertime. Considering individual characteristic PAHs, heavier PAHs homologues (4- to 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs) were detected in all households, which suggested the influence of coal combustion and traffic exhaust. Health risk of children attributed to PAHs inhalation was assessed by taking into account the lifetime-average daily dose (LADD) and corresponding lifetime cancer risk. Lifetime average daily dose for children in only one household were slightly higher than health-based guideline level (1.0 × 10−5), defined by WHO, whereas LADD for adults and children of other households were within acceptable limit. The cancer risks from the exposure of children to air pollutants in all households except HH-3 were found high. In the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay, according to the toxic unit (TU) values of indoor PM2.5 from ten households, all samples were classified as toxic.

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Determinants of Indoor PM2.5 Concentrations in Ger, a Traditional Residence, in Mongolia

Cited by 5 publications

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An Annual Result of Outdoor and Indoor PM2.5 Analysis in Two Different Building Types in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

An Annual Result of Outdoor and Indoor PM2.5 Analysis in Two Different Building Types in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

SEASONAL CONCENTRATIONS OF ELEMENTS IN BOTH INDOOR AND OUTDOOR HOUSING IN PM_2.5

Characteristics of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor PM2.5 of households in the Southwest part of Ulaanbaatar capital, Mongolia

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Determinants of Indoor PM2.5 Concentrations in Ger, a Traditional Residence, in Mongolia

Cited by 5 publications

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An Annual Result of Outdoor and Indoor PM2.5 Analysis in Two Different Building Types in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

An Annual Result of Outdoor and Indoor PM2.5 Analysis in Two Different Building Types in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

SEASONAL CONCENTRATIONS OF ELEMENTS IN BOTH INDOOR AND OUTDOOR HOUSING IN PM2.5

Characteristics of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor PM2.5 of households in the Southwest part of Ulaanbaatar capital, Mongolia

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Product

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SEASONAL CONCENTRATIONS OF ELEMENTS IN BOTH INDOOR AND OUTDOOR HOUSING IN PM_2.5