“…According to "upper echelon theory" (Hambrick & Mason, 1984), organizational outcomes, including strategic choices and performance levels, are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. Other authors have expanded this theory to international contexts focusing on international orientation and international experience (Athanassiou & Nigh, 2002;Reuber & Fischer, 1997;Sambharya, 1996;Vida, Reardon, & Fairhurst, 2000), international assignment (Carpenter, Sanders, & Gregersen, 2000), and the heterogeneity of TMTs (education and tenure) (Carpenter, 2002;Carpenter, Geletkanycz, Sanders, 2004).…”