“…Various studies found that there were many factors that could affect the company's capital structure as proxied by the debt to equity ratio (DER). The DER as a proxy for capital structure had been used in the researches by Gómez, Castro, and Ortega (2016), Handoo and Sharma (2014), Handriani and Robiyanto (2018a), Karadeniz, Kandir, Balcilar, and Onal (2009), Michalski, Blendinger, Rozsa, Cierniak-Emerych, Svidronova, Buleca, and Bulsara (2018), Nijenhuis (2013), Onofrei, Tudose, Durdureanu, and Anton (2015), Suarez (2016). In general, these studies used some independent variables, i.e., profitability, firm size, and asset structure as the variables that could affect the DER.…”