Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty among the Under-Five: Illustration Based on Data from the Congo Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

Analysis of incidence, intensity, and gender perspective of multidimensional urban poverty in Kenya

“…These findings align with the observations made by recent studies [ 63 , 71 , 83 , 84 ], which deduced that an increased household child dependency ratio increases the likelihood of the household being multidimensionally poor. In addition, large family size in terms of a large number of children under five years diverts the work, especially women's productive time in economic activities, resulting in lower income and high household poverty [ 64 , [85] , [86] , [87] , [88] ]. Collaboratively, Gebreidan et al [ 89 ] observe that household size correlates positively with the vulnerability of the urban household to multidimensional poverty.…”

“…The study employs the Alkire and Foster (AF) method following Sen's capability approach to compute the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) (Alkire & Foster, 2011). The AF method considers the deprivation threshold used in determining whether a household is deprived in a particular dimension [ 64 ]. Also, it entails a poverty line threshold, which defines a set of the required minimum number of dimensions in which a household is considered poor [ 64 ].…”

“…The AF method considers the deprivation threshold used in determining whether a household is deprived in a particular dimension [ 64 ]. Also, it entails a poverty line threshold, which defines a set of the required minimum number of dimensions in which a household is considered poor [ 64 ]. Also, the AF method is sufficiently flexible to allow an in-depth evaluation of multidimensional poverty by including more monetary or non-monetary dimensions and indicators [ 63 , 65 ].…”

“…Therefore, the study utilized a Probit regression in modeling urban household sociodemographic and economic factors influencing multidimensional poverty status. The Probit model was selected because the poverty status variable is a profile variable consisting of probability; thus, the effect of the selected independent variable increases or decreases as the predicted probability nears 0 or 1 [ 64 , 69 ]. Poverty status variable of household is dichotomous, depicting a household as poor if the multidimensional deprivation cutoff score (selected cutoff threshold = 0.33), described by equation (4) as follows: …”

A Heuristic Search Approach to Multidimensional Scaling

“…These example scenarios are good candidates for the use of Multidimensional Scaling. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS hereafter) is a technique used to convert similarity (or dissimilarity) data into spatial form, so that the data set can be visualized [1]. Visualizing data simplifies understanding.…”