Determinants of producers' participation in gums and resins value chains from dry forests and analysis of marketing channels in northwestern and southern Ethiopia

Strengthening the resiliency of dryland forest-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A review of literature on the interaction between dryland forests, livelihoods and forest governance

“…However, in both areas, women relied more on forests for cash income than men did. Also in the gum and resin sector, Gebru et al (2014) found that maleheaded households were more likely to be involved in gum and resin collecting in Tigray and Amhara, but found no difference in Oromiya where women were described as "actively involved" in the collection of such products. Gender was not a significant determinant of per capita forest income or forest income dependency in Dendi district, Oromiya, nor in coffee or honey production in Kaffa zone, SNNPR (Melaku et al 2014).…”

“…• bamboo (Gebremariam et al 2009;Endalamaw et al 2013;Mekonnen et al 2014); • Ethiopian cardamom (Meaton et al 2013); • gums and resins (Gebremariam et al 2009;Gebru et al 2014); • honey (Gebremariam et al 2009;Legesse 2014); • timber (Gebremariam et al 2009); • wild coffee (Shumeta et al 2012). …”

“…Smallholders with traditional hives are the dominant suppliers to the honey market, although a number of initiatives are underway to modernize honey production (Gebremariam 2009). The timber, gum/resin and honey values chains, as well as those for bamboo, coffee and other commercial NTFPs typically include a number of actors along the chain, such as buyers, transporters, sorting yards (in the case of poles, logs and bamboo), processors, wholesalers, retailers and exporters (Gebremariam et al 2009;Shumeta et al 2012;Gebru et al 2014). Studies to date have focused on livelihood contributions of producers; relatively little is known about actors operating at other points in value chains or the contributions that they make to rural livelihood resiliency.…”

“…Shumeta et al 2012;Meaton et al 2013) or compare value chains operating in two or more regions (e.g. Endalamaw et al 2013;Gebru et al 2014). …”

“…These are broken down by wealth category or livelihood strategies (Lemenih et al 2003;Mamo et al 2007;Babulo et al 2008;Tesfaye et al 2011, Abtew et al 2014Worku et al 2014, Yemiru 2014 or are calculated according to income from key products, such as coffee (Melaku et al 2014); frankincense, myrrh and gum arabic (Abtew et al 2014;Worku et al 2014); or honey (Melaku et al 2014); • assessment of major products harvested, number of households involved in their harvest, and determination of the relative importance in value and volume of different products (Lemenih et al 2003;Yemiru et al 2010;Melaku et al 2014); • identification of factors associated with different levels of forest income and relative dependency (Mamo et al 2007;Babulo et al 2008;Yemiru et al 2010;Abtew et al 2014;Melaku et al 2014) and types of forest products harvested Gebru et al 2014); • evaluation of the timing of forest income and the importance of such income in enabling households to bridge gaps in food or cash resources (Yemiru et al 2010;Abtew et al 2014).…”