Determinants of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy spectrum

Piltch-Loeb, Rachael; Silver, Diana; Kim, Yeerae; Norris, Hope; McNeill, Elizabeth; Abramson, David M.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267734

Cited by 41 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A number of prior observational research showed that the lack of confidence in COVID-19 vaccines [ 45 ], adverse effects [ 58 ], and misinformation [ 48 , 49 , 59 , 60 ] contributed to vaccine hesitancy, while perceived severity [ 46 ] of and susceptibility [ 61 ] to COVID-19, and a greater sense of collective responsibility [ 31 ] increased willingness to be vaccinated. It is worth noting that most of these findings were documented to predict vaccination intention among general adults in the early stage of vaccine rollout, except for only a few studies that examined unvaccinated individuals [ 33 , 58 ]. Focusing on unvaccinated young adults in their 20s 16 months after the initial vaccine rollout, this study advances the literature on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and short-term and long-term intentions among unvaccinated young adults: a mixed-method approach

et al. 2022

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Background Only 63.8% of Americans who are 18-to-24-years-old have been fully vaccinated for COVID-19 as of June 1, 2022. The Grand Forks County, North Dakota is facing a similar challenge. As of June 2022, 47% of individuals in the 19-to-29-year-old age group are vaccinated. Focusing on unvaccinated individuals in their 20s, Study 1 aims to understand the ways in which receiving COVID-19 vaccines is construed using qualitative interviews; and Study 2 compares the predictors of short-term vaccination intention (i.e., next month) with those of long-term vaccination intention (i.e., three to 5 years) using an online survey. Methods For Study 1, we conducted five focus groups and four in-depth interviews via Zoom with a total of 26 unvaccinated individuals in their 20s living in the Grand Forks County. Constant comparison process was used to categorize data into themes and to recognize characteristics of the identified themes. The aim was to develop themes and associated characteristics. For Study 2, we conducted an online survey with a convenience sample of 526 unvaccinated individuals. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs in misinformation and short-term and long-term vaccination intentions, accounting for demographics and socioeconomic status. Results In Study 1, two themes were identified: feelings of uncertainty sparked by profits and monetization and navigating the fear of the unknown. In Study 2, an increase in the confidence of COVID-19 vaccines showed significantly higher odds of short-term intention (OR = 2.658, 95%CI 1.770, 3.990) and long-term intention (OR = 1.568, 95% CI 1.105, 2.226). Believing in misinformation had significantly lower odds of short-term intention (OR = 0.712, 95%CI 0.513, 0.990), while more positive attitudes (OR = 1.439, 95% CI 1.024, 2.024), stronger preference in calculating the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines (OR = 2.108, 95% CI 1.541, 2.882), and greater perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.471, 95% CI 1.045, 2.070) to and severity of contracting COVID-19 (OR = 1.362, 95% CI 1.020, 1.820) were significantly associated with higher odds of long-term intention. Conclusions Short-term and long-term intentions were predicted differently. Instilling strong confidence in COVID-19 vaccines should increase both short-term and long-term intentions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and short-term and long-term intentions among unvaccinated young adults: a mixed-method approach

et al. 2022

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“…The literature on COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy research does not broadly address long-COVID-19 [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. However, studies on people who have experienced COVID-19 or who have been exposed to the experiences of people close to them revealed that there is a significant relationship between vaccine hesitancy and these experiences [ 67 , 68 , 69 ]. Moreover, vaccine hesitancy and fear may be different before and after vaccination based on the side effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the prime reasons for this increase can be linked to vaccine hesitancy due to COVID in many countries [ 64 , 65 , 66 ]. Notably, people’s vaccine hesitancy was found to be associated with a plethora of personal and vicarious COVID-related experiences [ 67 , 68 , 69 ]. The authors of this study explored the possibility that long-lasting symptoms (i.e., long-COVID) may affect vaccine hesitancy levels, as was observed in the case of other COVID-related experiences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Long-COVID Experience Changed People’s Vaccine Hesitancy but Not Their Vaccination Fear

Duradoni

Gursesli

Materassi

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Starting in early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has been responsible, worldwide, for millions of deaths and patients with long-COVID syndrome. In an attempt to stop the spread of the virus, the blanket administration of COVID-19 vaccines proved to be the most effective measure, yet the existence and availability of functional vaccines did not and, still, do not ensure the willingness and intent of people to be vaccinated. This study assessed the similarities and differences in vaccine fears and vaccine hesitancy through between clusters of subjects: people that were not infected with COVID-19, people that had COVID but did not develop long-lasting symptoms, and people that were infected with COVID and developed long-COVID syndrome. From the sample of 1111 Italian people, it was found that individuals who experienced mild symptoms showed higher vaccine hesitancy (confidence, complacency, and collective responsibility) than those who did not contract COVID-19. People affected by long-COVID showed a lower overall hesitancy than individuals who had COVID-19 without incurring long-lasting symptoms and, thus, essentially resembled people who had no experience of COVID-19 infection in terms of the vaccine hesitancy scores. Vaccine fear remained unchanged across all three of the examined clusters.

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“…Research regarding ‘vaccine hesitancy’ shows that globally roughly 60%–70% of the population assent to being vaccinated or have already received it,1 2 while 20%–25% are against it, and the rest is undecided,3–7 although estimates depend on the population being studied and the particular phase of the pandemic. The international cross-sectional iCARE study revealed that during the first year of the pandemic, vaccination hesitancy (defined as not being extremely likely to be vaccinated) increased significantly from 25.6% to 29.9% overall, with some countries such as France or Turkey even exceeding 50% 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do people consent to receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations? A representative survey in Germany

Walach

Ofner

Ruof³

et al. 2022

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveTo answer the question: Why do people consent to being vaccinated with novel vaccines against SARS-CoV-2?DesignRepresentative survey.SettingOnline panel.Participants1032 respondents of the general German population.MethodA representative survey among German citizens in November/December 2021 that resulted in 1032 complete responses on vaccination status, sociodemographic parameters and opinions about the COVID-19 situation.ResultsAlmost 83% of the respondents were vaccinated. The major motivation was fear of medical consequences of an infection and the wish to lead a normal life again. The major motivation to be not vaccinated was the fear of side effects and scepticism about long-term effectiveness and safety. Sixteen per cent of vaccinated respondents reported some serious side effect, while more than 30% reported health improvements, mostly due to the relief of psychological stress and social reintegration. We also validated a ‘Corona Orthodoxy Score—COS’ consisting of seven items reflecting opinions on COVID-19. The scale is reliable (alpha=0.76) and unidimensional. The COS was a highly significant predictor of vaccination status and readiness to be vaccinated in a multivariable logistic regression model. Those who were vaccinated were more likely to live in smaller households (OR=0.82, p=0.024), had a higher income (OR=1.27, p<0.001), a higher COS score (OR 1.4, p<0.0001) and used less alternative media (OR=0.44, p=0.0024) and scientific publications (OR=0.42, p=0.011) as information sources.ConclusionsThe major motives for being vaccinated are fear of medical symptoms and the wish to lead a normal life. Those not wanting to be vaccinated cite a lack of knowledge regarding long-term safety and side effects as reasons. This can likely only be overcome by careful and active long-term efficacy and safety monitoring.

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Determinants of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy spectrum

Cited by 41 publications

References 32 publications

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and short-term and long-term intentions among unvaccinated young adults: a mixed-method approach

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and short-term and long-term intentions among unvaccinated young adults: a mixed-method approach

The Long-COVID Experience Changed People’s Vaccine Hesitancy but Not Their Vaccination Fear

Why do people consent to receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations? A representative survey in Germany

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