Determinants of transitions in water and sanitation services in two urban slums of Nairobi: A multi-state modeling approach

Iddi, Samuel; Akeyo, Dennis; Bagayoko, Moussa; Kiwuwa-Muyingo, Slyvia; Chikozho, Claudious; Kadengye, Damazo T.

doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100050

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Differences of access to WASH between urban and rural area have long been found in previous studies 9,[11][12][13] . In West Java, only 75.2% households have access to safe sanitation facility and only 67.6% households have access to safe drinking water sources 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Moreover, there is one household in rural area that does not have defecation facilities. Limited budget and space, large family size, and more than one household living under one roof are the most common reasons for using public toilets and open defecation 12 . There are three households that have no toilet facilities, these households usually use hanging latrines in pond or rice field.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…People who lived in peri-urban are mostly have limited access to safe WASH facilities compared to other part of the town. Ever-growing population and mix of socio-economic characteristics may hinder any improvement of WASH facilities used in urban area 9,12 . Moreover, peri-urban area might have both central urban and remote rural characteristics 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality of Water Sources, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Households with Stunted Children in Rural and Urban Areas in West Java

Nurhidayati

Riyadi

2022

AMNT

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Background: The quality of water sources, sanitation, and hygiene have long been associated with the incidence of stunting in a household. Various studies show that this is also influenced by differences in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in rural and urban areas. Objectives: This study aims to determine the condition of the quality of water sources, sanitation, and hygiene in household with stunted children under five in rural and urban areas. Methods: The study was conducted in June 2022 using cross-sectional method to 96 household with stunted children under five that were selected by systematic random sampling in Cianjur District and Sukabumi City. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive analysis and bivariate analysis were conducted to determine the distribution of use of water sources, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices in household with stunted children under five based on the categories of improved sanitation facilities and drinking-water sources by World Health Organization and its differences in rural and urban areas. Results: The sources of drinking and cooking water used by the household with stunted children under five have been entirely improved sources. Most of the households in both areas had defecation facilities used only by household members. There were significant differences in the type of fecal waste disposal in household with stunted children under five in rural and urban areas. Majority of households in rural area (70.0%) already used septic tank for fecal waste disposal while majority of households in urban area (65.2%) disposed their fecal waste to river/lake/sea. Mothers’ handwashing practice at critical time were all above 80%, but only 33.6% of the households had separate handwashing facility and only 50.0% of them provide soap for handwashing. Conclusions: Based on the results, it is known that household with stunted children in rural and urban areas have used proper drinking water sources and have good hygiene practices. However, fecal disposal facilities in urban areas with high prevalence of stunting need to be improved as an effort to reduce stunting prevalence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality of Water Sources, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Households with Stunted Children in Rural and Urban Areas in West Java

Nurhidayati

Riyadi

2022

AMNT

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“…The urgency of WASH is felt most acutely for those living in informal settlements, sometimes called slums, who already experience more disease, disability and pre-mature mortality compared to urban residents in more “formal” areas of cities that are served by municipal services (Iddi et al, 2021). Unimproved drinking water and sanitation are the second-biggest killer of children in slum areas (Prüss-Ustün et al, 2019).…”

Section: The Urgency Of Urban Water Sanitation and Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

Water and sanitation for all: Citizen science, health equity, and urban climate justice

Corburn

2022

Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

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Access to clean and affordable drinking water, a safe toilet, and the materials and facilities to practice hygiene is a fundamental human right. Yet, millions of people on the planet and thousands of communities, even in some of the wealthiest cities, are denied these rights. The challenge for ensuring access to affordable, high-quality and safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is frequently a political, not technologic or economic issue. Complicating matters is that urban climate change, accompanied by rising economic, social, and health inequities, has increased the urgency to deliver WASH especially to the urban poor and those already experiencing spatial, social and related vulnerabilities. The 2022 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment, noted that urban residents, particularly those living in informal settlements, face increased health, economic, and social risks from climate change induced floods and weather events, largely due to the lack of WASH infrastructure (IPCC, 2022). Access to WASH in cities, particularly for the urban poor, is a climate justice issue, and should be a concern for everyone since the potential disease and displacement impacts will not be spatially limited (Dodman et al., 2019;World Bank, 2021). Cities are characterized by physical and social change, including migration, but urban planning has not kept-up with these changes by providing for permanent supplies of safe water and hygienic sanitation for all residents (Calderón-Villarreal et al., 2022). The social reach of inadequate WASH is more than an urban concern, since the issue touches almost all aspects of life, from livelihoods and food security to school attendance to infectious and chronic illness to human security and dignity (WHO, 2019a).The corona virus pandemic has again highlighted that the urban poor and those facing chronic discrimination are most vulnerable to severe consequences when they lack WASH. The COVID-19 crisis highlighted how basic infrastructure is a key component of health equity (World Health Organization WHO, 2021). Health equity, as defined by the World Health Organization, is "the absence of avoidable, unfair or remediable differences among groups of people due to their social, economic, demographic or geographic circumstances" and includes coordinated government, community, and private sector efforts to ensure that all groups and places have the resources and capabilities to make healthy decisions, avoid dangerous environmental and social conditions and live a safe and fulfilling life (WHO, 2022

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“…The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Targets 6.1 & 6.2) stresses the need for universal and equitable access to adequate water and sanitation, as well as the elimination of open defecation and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all by 2030 (Otsuka et al. , 2019; Biswas and Joshi, 2021; Iddi et al. , 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More burden less access: a study of sanitation issues in urban slums of Aligarh district

Iqrar

Musavi

2023

IJSE

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PurposeThe present study intends to highlight the issues and challenges pertinent to sanitation practices among urban slum women in India.Design/methodology/approachThe primary qualitative data has been collected from 100 households sampled by stratified random and purposive sampling through in-depth interviews, and a structured interview schedule and themes were developed accordingly.FindingsThe main theme-based results of the study included the challenges of open defecation in slums, public toilets as an alternative, sanitation-related stress in slum women, compromised state of health of women and children, menstrual hygiene among women in slums and increasing burden on women in terms of water management. The study recommends the creation of toilets in every slum locality with maintenance and awareness to be raised.Originality/valueUrban sanitation has received less research than rural sanitation. The present study focused on the issues of urban sanitation, which are often neglected. To ensure the study's uniqueness, researchers visited and mentioned each open defecation site to understand the situation.Peer reviewThe peer-review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-12-2022-0782

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Determinants of transitions in water and sanitation services in two urban slums of Nairobi: A multi-state modeling approach

Cited by 12 publications

References 21 publications

Quality of Water Sources, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Households with Stunted Children in Rural and Urban Areas in West Java

Quality of Water Sources, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Households with Stunted Children in Rural and Urban Areas in West Java

Water and sanitation for all: Citizen science, health equity, and urban climate justice

More burden less access: a study of sanitation issues in urban slums of Aligarh district

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