Determination and analysis of failure stresses in egg shells

Hammerle, J. R.; Mohsenin, N. N.

doi:10.1016/s0021-8634(67)80031-3

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, the values of P m observed experimentally were greater, by a factor of 20, than predicted values based on the best available estimates of E, v and St u (Voisey and Hunt, 1967a). Later work in which eggs were compressed between flat plates (Tung et al, 1969) likewise led to estimates of failure stress that were consistent but considerably higher than those obtained previously by methods that measure membrane stresses (Hammerle and Mohsenin, 1967;Sluka et al, 1967). These findings call into question the suitability of the model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

The hen's EGG: Shell forces at impact and quasi‐static compression

Carter

1976

British Poultry Science

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1. An equation is derived which relates the maximum force, P m , exerted on an egg shell to the relative velocity, v 0 , of the egg and a body on which it impacts and to their masses, M 1 and M 2 , and stiffnesses, S 1 and S 2 ; it is 2. Another equation is derived which relates the maximum force exerted by the egg to the reciprocals, R a and R e , of its average and first principal curvatures at the point of impact, to the shell thickness, T ε , that is effective in respect of tensile strength, and to the ultimate strength of shell material, St u ; it is P m = kStuT ε R χ α (Ra/Re)y in which k, χ and y are constants.3. These equations are shown to be concordant with published data on egg shell fracture under both quasi-static and dynamic conditions when x and y have the values -1 and 0 respectively. 4. The equations provide a theoretical structure that can be used to identify the factors likely to affect egg shell fracture under specified conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

The hen's EGG: Shell forces at impact and quasi‐static compression

Carter

1976

British Poultry Science

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“…Several instruments have been described to reproduce the shell profile at a selected plane on an enlarged scale (McCrae and Duff, 1969;Sluka et af., 1966;Hammerle, 1968Hammerle, , 1969a and for measuring the radius of curvature from these plots or the shell itself (Hammerle, 1969a). Shadow photographic techniques have also been used (Tung, 1967;Tung et al, 1968b;Hammerle and Mohsenin, 1967).…”

Section: Shape and Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique was compared with results from a drop-type impact test designed to generated internal pressure from the inertia of the contents (Sluka et al, 1967). Hammerle and Mohsenin (1967) described a modification of the technique where the contents of the shell were evacuated and air pressure applied. The rate of loading, however, was controlled only approximately.…”

Section: Internal and External Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was overcome by Hammerle (1968Hammerle ( , 1969a using the technique of Sluka et al (1965), but employing the crosshead of the Instron to drive the piston of the hypodermic syringe at a constant velocity and to record the required force. It was necessary to measure the friction between the piston and the cylinder of the syringe and to correct the force readings (Hammerle and Mohsenin, 1967). External pressure was applied by Wells (1967a) who placed the egg in a closed cylinder filled with water and pressurized the cylinder.…”

Section: Internal and External Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sluka et al (1965,1966) demonstrated this using internal pressure generated by the inertia of the contents, and determined the ultimate tensile stress under impact for 450 eggs. This work was repeated under quasi-static conditions by Hammerle (1968Hammerle ( , 1969a and Hammerle and Mohsenin (1967) who considered that practical application of the test was limited because it was time consuming.…”

Section: Internal and External Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Measurement of Eggshell Strength*

Voisey¹,

Hunt

1974

Journal of Texture Studies

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Techniques used to measure the eggshell strength and associated parameters are reviewed. Much of the early research was based on crude instruments that did not adequately control test conditions, particularly the rate of applying force to the shell. Better instruments have been used recently to obtain precise readings. A significant advance has been the development of techniques to describe the physical properties of the shell material. This is potentially more meaningful than the empirical comparisons of egg behaviour, and is leading to a better understanding of the shell fracture mechanism. Two practical tests are currently available to the biologist for non‐destructive measurements: specific gravity of the egg and shell deformation under a non‐destructive force. Both predict ‐ with acceptable precision ‐ the shell fracture force. Eggshell strength has been investigated for over 70 years, but an ideal test method has yet to be found, and research is still required.

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The measurement of compression stress in eggshells

McRae¹,

Duff²

1969

Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research

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Determination and analysis of failure stresses in egg shells

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

The hen's EGG: Shell forces at impact and quasi‐static compression

The hen's EGG: Shell forces at impact and quasi‐static compression

Measurement of Eggshell Strength*

The measurement of compression stress in eggshells

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