Determination and Isotope‐Ratio Analysis of Different Forms of Nitrogen in Soils: 3. Exchangeable Ammonium, Nitrate, and Nitrite by Extraction‐Distillation Methods

Bremner, J. M.; Keeney, D. R.

doi:10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000050015x

Cited by 620 publications

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“…Details can be found in SPOLIDORIO (1999). These samples were then analyzed for N as nitrate and ammonium (BREMNER, 1965 andKEENEY, 1966). Soil solution samples were prepared by micro-diffusion (BROOKS et al, 1989) and sent to IAEA Laboratory, Seibersdorf, Austria, for 15 N analysis.…”

Section: Many Cultivars Have Been Used In São Paulomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of 15N-urea applied to wheat-soybean succession crop

Boaretto

Spolidorio²,

Freitas

et al. 2004

Bragantia

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The wheat crop in São Paulo State, Brazil, is fertilized with N, P and K. The rate of applied N (0 to 120 kg.ha -1 ) depends on the previous grown crop and the irrigation possibility. The response of wheat to rates and time of N application and the fate of N applied to irrigated wheat were studied during two years. Residual N recovery by soybean grown after the wheat was also studied. The maximum grain productivity was obtained with 92 kg.ha -1 of N. The efficiency of 15 N-urea utilization ranged from 52% to 85%. The main loss of applied 15 N, 5% to 12% occurred as ammonia volatilized from urea applied on soil surface. The N loss by leaching even at the N rate of 135 kg.ha -1 , was less than 1% of applied 15 N, due to the low amount of rainfall during the wheat grown season and a controlled amount of irrigated water, that were sufficient to moisten only the wheat root zone. The residual 15 N after wheat harvest represents around 40% of N applied as urea: 20% in soil, 3% in wheat root system and 16% in the wheat straw. Soybean recovered less than 2% of the 15 N applied to wheat at sowing or at tillering stage. No Estado de São Paulo, a cultura do trigo é adubada, além de P e K, com N, cuja dose (0 a 120 kg ha -1 ) depende do cultivo anterior e da possibilidade de irrigação. A resposta do trigo às doses e épocas de aplicação e o destino do N aplicado foi estudada em dois cultivos de trigo, seguidos pela soja. Também se avaliou a recuperação do N residual pela soja cultivada nas mesmas parcelas após o trigo. A produtividade máxima estimada de grãos seria obtida com a dose de 92 kg.ha -1 de N. A eficiência de absorção 15 N-uréia variou de 52% a 85%. A principal perda de N, que variou de 5% a 12%, ocorreu através de volatilização de amônia proveniente da uréia aplicada na superfície do solo. Por lixiviação foi perdido menos que 1% do N aplicado, pois a água da chuva ou da irrigação foi suficiente para molhar somente a camada do solo onde se encontrava o sistema radicular do trigo. O N residual após o cultivo do trigo correspondeu a 40% do total aplicado, posto que 20% permaneceu no solo, 3% na matéria vegetal radicular do trigo e 16% na matéria vegetal da palha do trigo, depositada sobre o solo. A soja recuperou menos que 2% do 15 N aplicado no solo na semeadura ou no perfilhamento do trigo.Palavras-chave: adubação nitrogenada, eficiência, amônia, volatilização.A.E. Boaretto et al.

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Section: Many Cultivars Have Been Used In São Paulomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of 15N-urea applied to wheat-soybean succession crop

Boaretto

Spolidorio²,

Freitas

et al. 2004

Bragantia

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“…O nitrogênio foi destilado a partir da mistura do extrato com MgO, para a determinação da forma amoniacal e depois com a liga de Devarda, para a forma de nitrato, utilizando a titulação potenciométrica com ácido sulfúrico (Bremner & Keeney, 1966).…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Extratores aquosos para a caracterização química de substratos para plantas

Abreu¹,

Abreu

Sarzi

et al. 2007

Hortic. Bras.

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Water extracts for the chemical characterization of plant substratesSubstrates used to grow plants have different origins and compositions and can be organic, mineral or synthetic materials. In the present work the effect of different water extracts (1:1.5; 1:2; 1:2'; 1:5; 1:5'; and 1:10) was evaluated and compared to saturated extracts for the determination of pH, electric conductivity, macro and micronutrients in commercially available products and some of their components. The results were compared to those with saturated extracts. Nine substrates were evaluated, recommended for the cultivation of tobacco, coffee, flowers (2), forestry species, citrus and horticulture species (3), and eleven substrate components: carbonized rice hulls, peat, fiber peat, vermiculite, perlite, Pinus bark compost (2), expanded clay, coir (coconut fiber), cork and 'xaxim' or 'samambaia-açu' (Dicksonia sellowiana). Chemical analyses were made in the substrate extract solutions for the determination of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. The pH and EC data showed the lowest coefficients of variation. The micronutrient concentrations in the water extracts were very close to the equipment detection limits. The macronutrient concentrations showed coefficients of variation ranging from 5.1% to 47.2%. The method using the ratio 1:2 was better to obtain the saturation extracts for either macro or micronutrients. In spite of that, for all the other water extracts studied good results were obtained in the evaluation of pH, CE and macronutrientes in the tested samples.

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“…Nitrate in extracts was measured by reducing nitrate to nitrite with hydrazine and a copper catalyst, and measuring the total nitrite produced using the Greiss-Ilosvay reaction as described by Bremner (1965). The NH 4 + in those samples amended with organic N was measured using steam distillation with MgO, due to interference of glutamic acid with the colorimetric technique (Bremner and Keeney 1966).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsoil nitrogen mineralisation and its potential to contribute to NH4 accumulation in a Vertosol

Page¹,

Dalal²,

Menzies³

et al. 2003

Soil Res.

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High concentrations of NH 4 + (up to 270 kg N/ha) have been observed in a Vertosol below 1 m depth in south-east Queensland. This study examined the possibility that mineralisation associated with the removal of native vegetation (Acacia harpophylla) for cropping was responsible for the production of NH 4 + . Particularly, the potential contribution of decomposing root material and/or dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leached into the subsoil after clearing was investigated. The amount of N that was contained within native vegetation root material was determined from an area of native vegetation adjacent to the cleared site containing elevated NH 4 + concentrations. In addition, the amount of NH 4 + that could be mineralised in the native vegetation soil was determined by monitoring NH 4 + concentrations over 360 days in intact cores, and by conducting waterlogged incubations. To determine the rate at which a source of DON leached into the subsoil would mineralise, soil was amended with glutamic acid at a rate of 250 mg N/kg and placed under waterlogged incubation. The possibility that the acidic pH of the subsoil, or the lack of a significant subsoil microbial population, was inhibiting mineralisation was also examined by increasing soil pH from 4.4 to 7.0, and inoculating the subsoil with surface soil microorganisms during waterlogged incubations. Low concentrations of N, approximately 90 kg N/ha between 1.2 and 3 m, were found in the native vegetation root material. In addition, no net N mineralisation was observed in either the extended incubation of intact cores or in the control samples of the waterlogged incubations. Net N mineralisation was also not detected when the subsoil was amended with a source of organic N. Results indicate that this lack of mineralisation is largely due to pH inhibition of the microbial population. It is concluded that the mineralisation of either in situ organic material, or DON transported to the subsoil during leaching events, is unlikely to have significantly contributed to the subsoil NH 4 accumulation at the study site. S R 0 2 0 3 8 M i n e r a l i s a t i o n i n a V e r t o s o l s u b s o i l K . L . P a g e e t a l .

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Determination and Isotope‐Ratio Analysis of Different Forms of Nitrogen in Soils: 3. Exchangeable Ammonium, Nitrate, and Nitrite by Extraction‐Distillation Methods

Cited by 620 publications

References 0 publications

Fate of 15N-urea applied to wheat-soybean succession crop

Fate of 15N-urea applied to wheat-soybean succession crop

Extratores aquosos para a caracterização química de substratos para plantas

Subsoil nitrogen mineralisation and its potential to contribute to NH4 accumulation in a Vertosol

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