Determination and Monitoring of Tetracycline and Degradation Products in Landfill Leachate

Abstract

Tetracyclines (TCs) have importance because of their common usage, high potential to reach the receiving environments, and toxicity for the organisms. The aim of this study is the determination of concentrations of TC and degradation products (DPs) as anhydrotetracycline (ATC), 4‐epitetracycline (ETC), and 4‐epianhydrotetracycline (EATC) in the leachate basin of landfill located in Elazığ City, Turkey. For this aim, leachate samples are taken from the leachate basin every week (wk) during March and April 2014. Maximum TC, ETC, EATC, and ATC concentrations in leachate samples are 2.47 ± 0.12 (wk 3), 10.3 ± 0.5 (wk 3), 37.1 ± 1.8 (wk 1), and 6.43 ± 0.32 μg/L (wk 8). The concentrations of TC and DPs followed the decreasing order of EATC > ETC > ATC > TC. As a result, it is determined that the concentrations of TC and DPs are at μg/L levels in the leachate basin of landfill.

Co-pretreatment of Municipal Wastewater and Landfill Leachate by Chemical Coagulation Using Ferric Chloride and Aluminum Sulfate

“…LL was obtained from the landfill located in the province of Elazig, Turkey. The landfill was commissioned in 2009 [29]. MW and LL samples were filled in 10-L plastic containers.…”

Antimicrobial Transformation Products in the Aquatic Environment: Global Occurrence, Ecotoxicological Risks, and Potential of Antibiotic Resistance

“…Tetracycline TPs were more commonly studied than TPs of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline in the papers reviewed here. Among tetracycline TPs, 4-epitetracycline was the most reported and quantified in a range of 11.5–9210 ng L –1 in Belgium by Goessens et al, in China by Jiang et al, and in Turkey by Topal and Arslan Topal. , Topal and Arslan Topal , also reported high concentrations of two other tetracycline TPs, the anhydro-derivates 4-epianhydrotetracycline (at 6.8–37.2 μg L –1 ) and anhydrotetracycline (at 4.4–6.4 μg L –1 ). Anhydro-derivate TPs of tetracyclines were found to have strong embryotoxic and teratogenic properties, posing a potential risk to nontarget organisms in aquatic environments.…”

“…Of 75 articles reviewed, 45 − ,− ,,,− detected 48 different antibiotic (bio)­TPs in surface waters (Table S10). TPs from the parent compounds SMX − ,,,,,− ,− , were the most frequently reported (40%, 18 of 45 articles).…”

“…Within the macrolide family, the papers reviewed most often studied TPs of ERY in surface waters, especially its human bioTP, anhydro-ERY, which is formed via dehydration under the acidic conditions in the stomach. − ERY is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against specific families of bacteria, whereas other macrolides, e.g., azithromycin, are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Erythromycin is used to treat, e.g., respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, and syphilis .…”