Determination and Structural Elucidation of Triacylglycerols in Krill Oil by Chromatographic Techniques

Araujo, Pedro; Zhu, Han; Breivik, Joar Fjørtoft; Hjelle, Jan I.; Zeng, Yingxu

doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3855-6

Cited by 58 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Nevertheless, stearic acid (18:0) was at similar values in the three fractions. These results are in agreement with the results showed by Araujo et al (2014) in which the 14:0 represented 17.5 % in TAG fraction and only 4.2 % in PL while 16:0 was contained in 25.0 % in this latter fraction against 18.9 % in TAG. The MUFA content decreased as the polarity of the fraction increased, and hence, F1, F2, and F3 had contents of 35, 28, and 17 %, respectively.…”

Section: Fame Analysis By Gc-ms Of Krill Oil and Fractionssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Likewise, the value of 0.14 obtained for the omega-6/omega-3 ratio in this study was in the same range as those reported previously in other studies by Ju et al (2009) and Kassis et al (2012). The same happened for the EPA/DHA ratio of 2.9:1, which was in agreement with the value reported for the KO manufacturer of 2.5:1 and Ju et al (2009) with 2.8:1 and somewhat higher than the value reported by Kolakowska et al (1994) and Araujo et al (2014) of 2:1 in comparable samples.…”

Section: Fame Analysis By Gc-ms Of Krill Oil and Fractionssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Ju and Harvey (2004), Ulven et al (2011), andAraujo et al (2014) reported contents of 33, 34, and 38.1 % for SFA; 25, 28, and 24.0 % for MUFA; and 38, 42, and 37.9 % for PUFA, respectively. Hence, our results for these variables are consistent with these existing studies.…”

Section: Fame Analysis By Gc-ms Of Krill Oil and Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Comprehensive Study of the Lipid Classes of Krill Oil by Fractionation and Identification of Triacylglycerols, Diacylglycerols, and Phospholipid Molecular Species by Using UPLC/QToF-MS

et al. 2015

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Krill oil represents an interesting source of bioactive lipid components, being suitable as a functional ingredient. This oil is characterized by its high concentration of longchain omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The contents of EPA and DHA were similar to those in fish oils, but with the difference that almost the half are located in phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine). This might explain its higher absorption and bioavailability. This highly unsaturated oil maintains stable due to the presence of astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant, which assures the stability of the omega-3 fatty acids. However, there is lack of investigations reporting a deep comprehensive description of the krill oil (KO) lipid composition. The characterization includes new data of its neutral and polar components and the identification of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and molecular species that has been done by different chromatographic techniques as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/ FID), flash chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (FC-ELSD), and HPLC-ELSD. Also phospholipid molecular species by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QToF-MS) have been determined.

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Section: Fame Analysis By Gc-ms Of Krill Oil and Fractionssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Fame Analysis By Gc-ms Of Krill Oil and Fractionssupporting

confidence: 93%

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Comprehensive Study of the Lipid Classes of Krill Oil by Fractionation and Identification of Triacylglycerols, Diacylglycerols, and Phospholipid Molecular Species by Using UPLC/QToF-MS

et al. 2015

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“…Krill contain LC n-3 PUFA mainly as phospholipids (38) but also as TAG (31) . E. superba contains the highest concentration of EPA and DHA compared to other krill species (39) .…”

Section: Krillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities to enhance alternative sources of long-chainn-3 fatty acids within the diet

Delarue¹,

Guriec²

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Health benefits or advocated health benefits of long-chain (LC)n-3 PUFA are better known by medical doctors as well as by consumers, so that consumption increases. In addition, the development of aquaculture requires more fishmeal and fish oil. Humanisation of care of companion animals is also associated with addition of LCn-3 PUFA in pet foods. The risk of the increased demand for LCn-3 PUFA is the excess harvesting of natural sources, especially of marine origin (oily fishes, krill). In order to improve sustainability, alternative sources of LCn-3 PUFA have been developed. These alternative sources are: (a) terrestrial plants naturally or genetically enriched in stearidonic acid (SDA), which bypasses the first limiting step of (i.e. ∆6 desaturase) of the biosynthesis of LCn-3 PUFA; (b) single-cell oils rich in LCn-3 PUFA (microalgae,Escherichia coli) and krill. Currently, plants rich in SDA are expensive, metabolic engineering is unfavourably accepted by consumers in many countries, cultivation of microalgae is very expensive even though their ability (for some of them) to synthesise biofuels could induce a decrease in industrial costs, and Antarctic krill harvest must be restricted. Thus, it is difficult to predict their real development in the future.

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“…For example, krill oil usually contains different lipid classes, including phospholipids, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids and cholesterol (Araujo et al, 2014) to the extent that an effective extraction protocol is required prior to the analysis of phospholipids by LCMS n to prevent interference from other lipid classes, ensure data quality and improve the accuracy of the identification and quantification steps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plackett-Burman Design and Fragmentation Studies to Assist the Comparison of Techniques used to Extract Phospholipids Prior to Regiospecific Characterization by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Araujo¹,

Zhu²,

Breivik³

et al. 2016

AJMC

Self Cite

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A Plackett-Burman design was used for screening 12 variables that could affect the mass spectrometry signals of phosphatidylcholines (PtdCho) and proposing optimal fragmentation conditions to study the fragmentation mechanisms of PtdCho standards. Under optimal conditions, three well-established methods for extracting phospholipids from biological samples, specifically liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), were compared in terms of the number of regiospecifically characterized PtdCho by means of liquid chromatography three-stage mass spectrometry (LCMS 3 ). The same number of PtdCho species (35) were characterized by LCMS 3 in the LLE and NPLC fractions, whereas only 15 in the HPTLC fraction.

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Determination and Structural Elucidation of Triacylglycerols in Krill Oil by Chromatographic Techniques

Cited by 58 publications

References 17 publications

Comprehensive Study of the Lipid Classes of Krill Oil by Fractionation and Identification of Triacylglycerols, Diacylglycerols, and Phospholipid Molecular Species by Using UPLC/QToF-MS

Comprehensive Study of the Lipid Classes of Krill Oil by Fractionation and Identification of Triacylglycerols, Diacylglycerols, and Phospholipid Molecular Species by Using UPLC/QToF-MS

Opportunities to enhance alternative sources of long-chainn-3 fatty acids within the diet

Plackett-Burman Design and Fragmentation Studies to Assist the Comparison of Techniques used to Extract Phospholipids Prior to Regiospecific Characterization by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

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