Determination of 14 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from U.S. Brand and Non-U.S. Brand Cigarettes

Ding, Yan S.; Yan, Xizheng; Jain, Ram B.; Lopp, Eugene; Tavakoli, Ameer D.; Polzin, Gregory; Stanfill, Stephen B.; Ashley, David L.; Watson, Clifford H.

doi:10.1021/es0517320

Cited by 82 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Furthermore, an inverse relationship between the yield of TSNAs and PAH has been consistently observed. For example, Ding et al (2006) reported that PAH were inversely correlated with total carcinogenic TSNAs and nitrate content, confi rming earlier studies which demonstrated that tobacco blend (types of tobacco) and nitrate levels (formed during tobacco combustion) infl uence the mainstream yields of PAH and TSNA ( Adams, Lee, & Hoffmann, 1984 ;Hoffmann & Wynder, 1967 ) .…”

Section: Tobacco-specifi C Nitrosamine Exposures Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…They have been identifi ed in cigarette tobacco ( Ashley et al, 2003 ;Brunnemann, Cox, & Hoffmann, 1992 ;Song & Ashley, 1999 ), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS ; Brunnemann et al, 1992 ), smokeless tobacco ( Hoffmann, Adams, Lisk, Fisenne, & Brunnemann, 1987 ), and other tobacco products such as cigars, toombak, and bidi cigarettes ( Idris, Prokopczyk, & Hoffmann, 1994 ;McNeill, Bedi, Islam, Alkhatib, & West, 2006 ;Murphy, Carmella, Idris, & Hoffmann, 1994 ;Nair, Pakhale, & Bhide, 1989 ). Furthermore, TSNA yields in tobacco smoke vary signifi cantly in tested cigarettes from different parts of the world as the formation of TSNAs is infl uenced by the tobacco blend and the curing processes ( Ashley et al, 2003 ;Ding et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: Tobacco-specifi C Nitrosamine Exposures In Smokers and Nonsmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in Smokers and Nonsmokers Exposed to Cigarette or Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke

Radwan

Hecht

Carmella

et al. 2012

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Introduction: The causal relationship between tobacco smoking and a variety of cancers is attributable to the carcinogens that smokers inhale, including tobacco-specifi c nitrosamines (TSNAs). We aimed to assess the exposure to TSNAs in waterpipe smokers (WPS), cigarette smokers (CS), and nonsmoking females exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods:We measured 2 metabolites , 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAl-Gluc) in the urine of males who were either current CS or WPS, and their wives exposed to either cigarette or waterpipe smoke in a sample of 46 subjects from rural Egypt.Results: Of the 24 current male smokers, 54.2% were exclusive CS and 45.8% were exclusive WPS. Among wives, 59.1% reported exposure to cigarette smoke and 40.9% to waterpipe smoke. The geometric mean of urinary NNAL was 0.19 ± 0.60 pmol/ml urine (range 0.005 -2.58) in the total sample. Signifi cantly higher levels of NNAL were observed among male smokers of either cigarettes or waterpipe (0.89 ± 0.53 pmol/ml, range 0.78 -2.58 in CS and 0.21 -1.71 in WPS) compared with nonsmoking wives (0.04 ± 0.18 pmol/ml, range 0.01 -0.60 in CS wives, 0.05 -0.23 in WPS wives, p = .000). Among males, CS had signifi cantly higher levels of NNAL compared with WPS (1.22 vs. 0.62; p = .007). However, no signifi cant difference was detected in NNAL levels between wives exposed to cigarette smoke or waterpipe smoke. Conclusions:Cigarette smokers levels of NNAL were higher than WPS levels in males. Exposure to tobacco smoke was evident in wives of both CS and WPS. Among WPS, NNAL tended to increase with increasing numbers of hagars smoked/day.

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Section: Tobacco-specifi C Nitrosamine Exposures Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Tobacco-specifi C Nitrosamine Exposures In Smokers and Nonsmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in Smokers and Nonsmokers Exposed to Cigarette or Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke

Radwan

Hecht

Carmella

et al. 2012

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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“…In a recent study Gevao and colleagues have established that the estimated human nondietary exposure from dust contributes to 42% of PAH in children and 11% only in adults, and thus the children are at a greater risk in spite that they are not exposed additionally to tobacco smoke or dietary PAH [30]. It is apparent in our study that children living with relatives who smoke at home, or merely staying in the same room with a smoker, are at a considerably higher risk of having elevated serum PAH levels, since it is well established that smoking is a direct contributor to PAH exposure among humans [31][32][33]. While there is little definite evidence that tobacco smoke exposure during childhood is a strong risk factor for liquid chromatography with UV-detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Serum Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Among Children with and without Asthma: Correlation to Environmental and Dietary Factors

Al-Daghri

2008

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Background: Children from low-income families may be subject to high exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which can lead to respiratory disorders. This study aims to establish methods for assessing total PAH exposure of asthmatic and non-asthmatic children from low-income families; to estimate serum PAH concentrations of these children, and to estimate the relative importance of the environmental pathways for PAH exposure. Materials and Methods: A total of 75 (61 asthmatic, 14 non-asthmatic) Saudi children 15 years old and below were included to participate in this crosssectional study. Each participant answered a generalized questionnaire with dietary questions. Serum PAH were measured using HPLC with UV detection. Results: Serum naphthalene and pyrene were significantly elevated among asthmatic children (p-values = 0.007 and 0.01, respectively). Serum acenaphthylene, fluorine and 1,2-benzanthracene, on the other hand, were significantly higher among non-asthmatics (p-values = 0.001, 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). There was a significant correlation between the presence of a smoker in the family and serum concentrations of carbazole, pyrene, 1,2-benzanthracene and benzacephenanthrylene (R = 0.37, 0.45, 0.43, 0.33; p-values = 0.01, 0.0002, 0.003 and 0.025, respectively). Significant correlations were elicited between daily meat intake and serum levels of acenaphthylene, benzopyrene and 1,2-benzanthracene (R = 0.27, 0.27, 0.33; p-values = 0.02 and < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Among the children, serum PAH were significantly correlated to meat intake as well as presence of smokers at home. Public health awareness should be enhanced by educating parents to take certain precautions at home, such as preventing indoor smoking and reducing the intake of grilled and smoked meat by children so as to decrease their exposure to carcinogenic PAH.

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“…Our previous studies on popular commercial cigarettes revealed that both PAH and TSNA yields in tobacco smoke vary significantly in cigarettes from different parts of the world (15). Formation of mainstream smoke PAHs and TSNAs are influenced by the tobacco blend.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from Different Tobacco Varieties

Ding

Zhang

Jain

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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It has been estimated that one in every five cancer deaths worldwide are related to tobacco use. According to the IARC, 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and 8 tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), as well as at least 45 other compounds or substances found in tobacco smoke, are potential human carcinogens. The levels of these carcinogens in contents of tobacco and smoke emissions vary between different tobacco products. We evaluated mainstream smoke emissions from cigarettes made with different types of tobacco to examine the relation between their deliveries of TSNAs and PAHs and any possible influence from tobacco nitrate content. To investigate the contribution of tobacco content to mainstream cigarette smoke deliveries without confounders such as filter design, filter ventilation, and paper porosity, we used custom-made, research-grade, unfiltered cigarettes that contained bright, burley, oriental, reconstituted, or mixtures of these tobaccos. Our findings confirm results from other researchers that tobacco type can influence the mainstream smoke delivery of nicotine, TSNAs, and PAHs. However, we found that the effect varies among individual compounds. In addition, we observed a statistically significant relationship between nitrate content and mainstream smoke 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK); nitrate level also influenced the mainstream smoke deliveries of the summed total of the 10 PAHs identified by IARC as potential human carcinogens. The influence of nitrate on mainstream smoke NNK and PAH levels were of different magnitude and direction. Our results tend to indicate an inverse relation exists between NNK and PAH deliveries when considering different tobacco blends. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17(12):3366 -71)

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Determination of 14 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from U.S. Brand and Non-U.S. Brand Cigarettes

Cited by 82 publications

References 10 publications

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in Smokers and Nonsmokers Exposed to Cigarette or Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in Smokers and Nonsmokers Exposed to Cigarette or Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke

Serum Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Among Children with and without Asthma: Correlation to Environmental and Dietary Factors

Levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from Different Tobacco Varieties

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