Determination of 18 photoinitiators in food paper packaging materials by FastPrep-based extraction combined with GC–MS

Liang, Qiuju; Wang, Zhiguo; Du, Wei; Liu, Wei; Cao, Jun; Ren, Jing; Wen-liu, Lian; Lü, Hongmei; Li, Hongli

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131980

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…51 Liang et al analyzed 18 PIs in food packages in China, among which BP was the primary chemical, detected in 71% of the samples, with a median concentration of 112 μg/g, followed by PI-184 (median: 13 μg/g). 40 Another study in China also found BP (median: 0.2 μg/g), detected in 100% of the samples, as the primary congener.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Pis In Commercialmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Modern methods mainly rely on mass-spectrometry-based techniques to analyze PIs in multiple sample matrices. Both liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been found to work well for determination of PIs. − For example, an LC-MS method was developed to analyze six PIs in food packaging materials . Compared with LC-MS, liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has more advantages, including high sensitivity, high selectivity, and low matrix effects.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, GC-MS methods were developed to measure 18 and 24 PIs in food packages, respectively. 40,45 In these GC-MS methods, midpolar to nonpolar separation columns, such as DB-35 and HP-5MS, were applied to separate PIs. Liquid chromatography-diode array detection (LC-DAD), liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV), and liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (LC-FLD) can also be used to measure PIs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such cases, the UV-curable printing inks and varnishes used on food packaging materials may contain high concentrations of PIs. Previous studies have detected PIs in food packaging from various regions, including America (Canada and the U.S.), , Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and Turkey), ,, and Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, UK). ,, When mass spectrometry was not widely available, many studies reported the occurrence of PIs without presenting concentrations. For example, a survey on 11 PIs in 310 food packaging samples collected from 2008 to 2010 in German commerce showed that BP was the dominant congener detected in 49% of the samples .…”

Section: Occurrence Of Pismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity of Commercial Photoinitiators

Ji,

Liang,

Liu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Photoinitiators (PIs) are a family of anthropogenic chemicals used in polymerization systems that generate active substances to initiate polymerization reactions under certain radiations. Although polymerization is considered a green method, its wide application in various commercial products, such as UV-curable inks, paints, and varnishes, has led to ubiquitous environmental issues caused by PIs. In this study, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of PIs and provide suggestions for future research based on numerous available studies. The residual concentrations of PIs in commercial products, such as food packaging materials, are at microgram per gram levels. The migration of PIs from food packaging materials to foodstuffs has been confirmed by more than 100 reports of food contamination caused by PIs. Furthermore, more than 20 PIs have been detected in water, sediment, sewage sludge, and indoor dust collected from Asia, the United States, and Europe. Human internal exposure was also confirmed by the detection of PIs in serum. In addition, PIs were present in human breast milk, indicating that breastfeeding is an exposure pathway for infants. Among the most available studies, benzophenone is the dominant congener detected in the environment and humans. Toxicity studies of PIs reveal multiple toxic end points, such as carcinogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects. Future investigations should focus on synergistic/antagonistic toxicity effects caused by PIs coexposure and metabolism/transformation pathways of newly identified PIs. Furthermore, future research should aim to develop “greener” PIs with high efficiency, low migration, and low toxicity.

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Section: Occurrence Of Pis In Commercialmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occurrence Of Pismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity of Commercial Photoinitiators

Ji,

Liang,

Liu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are the most extensively used synthetic antioxidants due to their high antioxidant capacity [5]. Photoinitiators (PIs) can initiate a polymerization reaction and cross-link curing under UV light [6,7]. However, typical PIs such as methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate Molecules 2022, 27, 1681 2 of 14 (OMBB), 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (BDK) and 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP) have been found to be carcinogenic and have allergenic effects and reproductive toxicity [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Residue Analysis of Chemical Additives in Edible Vegetable Oils Using QuEChERS Extraction Method Followed by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Gan

Zhu

2022

Molecules

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Since the quality and safety of food highly depend on its preservation and protection, the use of food packaging materials increases the risk of chemical contamination of the packaged food by migration. Herein, we focused on antioxidants, photoinitiators, UV absorbers and plasticizers which are extensive additives used in food packaging materials. In the present study, a rapid, simple, green and reliable method was developed and validated for the determination of twelve chemical additives in edible vegetable oils using SFC together with a modified QuEChERS procedure. Under the optimum conditions, twelve additives were separated within 10 min, and the consumption of the organic solvent was significantly reduced, which improved the environmentally friendliness. The performance of the developed method was evaluated. Good linearity (r > 0.999) was obtained in the range of 0.20–20.0 µg/mL and 0.50–20.0 µg/mL, respectively. The limits of detection and limits of quantification of the twelve additives in vegetable oils were 0.05–0.15 µg/mL and 0.15–0.50 µg/mL, respectively. Recoveries of all the chemical additives for the spiked samples were between 60.9% and 106.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 9.9%. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was efficient, reliable and robust for the routine analysis of additives in edible vegetable oils and can be an alternative to the multi-residue analysis of chemical additives for other packaged foods.

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