Determination of 4 (5)-Methylimidazole in Food by Thin Layer Chromatography

Yoshikawa, Schunichi; Fujiwara, Motohatsu

doi:10.3358/shokueishi.22.189

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…For example, the regular occurrence of formaldehyde, an IARC Group 1 carcinogen, in alcoholic beverages was detected. 17 Furthermore, 4-methylimidazole a contaminant of caramel colors with known use in certain alcoholic beverages, 18,19 was newly evaluated by IARC in 2011 and set into group 2B. 20 Safrole, another group 2B substance, may also potentially occur in alcoholic beverages.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Lachenmeier

Przybylski

Rehm

2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Alcoholic beverages have been classified as carcinogenic to humans. As alcoholic beverages are multicomponent mixtures containing several carcinogenic compounds, a quantitative approach is necessary to compare the risks. Fifteen known and suspected human carcinogens (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, lead, 4‐methylimidazole, N‐nitrosodimethylamine, ochratoxin A and safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages were identified based on monograph reviews by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for comparative risk assessment. MOE compares a toxicological threshold with the exposure. MOEs above 10,000 are judged as low priority for risk management action. MOEs were calculated for different drinking scenarios (low risk and heavy drinking) and different levels of contamination for four beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits and unrecorded alcohol). The lowest MOEs were found for ethanol (3.1 for low risk and 0.8 for heavy drinking). Inorganic lead and arsenic have average MOEs between 10 and 300, followed by acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate between 1,000 and 10,000. All other compounds had average MOEs above 10,000 independent of beverage type. Ethanol was identified as the most important carcinogen in alcoholic beverages, with clear dose response. Some other compounds (lead, arsenic, ethyl carbamate, acetaldehyde) may pose risks below thresholds normally tolerated for food contaminants, but from a cost‐effectiveness point of view, the focus should be on reducing alcohol consumption in general rather than on mitigative measures for some contaminants that contribute only to a limited extent (if at all) to the total health risk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Lachenmeier

Przybylski

Rehm

2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…coffee, and alcoholic beverages, e.g. dark beer (Klejdus et al 2006;Yoshikawa and Fujiwara 1981). In another survey, 4-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole and THI (2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-imidazole) were analyzed in 97 cola samples from Germany and France (Schlee et al 2013).…”

Section: -Monochloro-12-propanediol (3-mcpd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For Table 2 Occurrence of WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) known and suspected human carcinogens in alcoholic beverages (updated from Lachenmeier et al (2012) Caramel coloured products: 9/28 µg/L in dark beer, Klejdus et al (2006); 0/0.14 mg/L in whisky, Yoshikawa and Fujiwara (1981) N-Nitrosodimethylamine 0.1/1.3 µg/kg (beer)…”

Section: Comparative Risk Assessment Of Compounds In Alcoholic Beveragesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update

et al. 2016

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The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans. Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages as identified based on monograph reviews by the IARC. For most of the compounds of alcoholic beverages, quantitative risk assessment provided evidence for only a very low risk (such as margins of exposure above 10,000). The highest risk was found for ethanol, which may reach exposures in ranges known to increase the cancer risk even at moderate drinking (margin of exposure around 1). Other constituents that could pose a risk to the drinker were inorganic lead, arsenic, acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate, for most of which mitigation by good manufacturing practices is possible. Nevertheless, due to the major effect of ethanol, the cancer burden due to alcohol consumption can only be reduced by reducing alcohol consumption in general or by lowering the alcoholic strength of beverages.

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“…Email: Gregg.tomy@umanitoba.ca Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2015http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015 to ultraviolet detection was used to determine 4-MEI in cola samples (Thomsen & Willumsen 1981;Yosikawa & Fujiwara 1981). GC techniques were then the primary method for 4-MEI analyses in the 1980s and 1990s.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of 4(5)-methylimidazole in carbonated beverages by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Ratnayake¹,

Halldorson

Bestvater

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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The purpose of this study was to develop a method to quantify 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MEI), a suspected carcinogen, in carbonated beverages by simple sample dilution and isotope-dilution reverse-phase LC-MS/MS. Isotope dilution using hexa-deuterated methylimidazole (d6-4-MEI) was used to quantify native 4-MEI and to assess matrix effects quantitatively. The accuracy of the method was assessed by intentionally fortifying a negative control sample at three doses: low, medium and high (replicates of n = 5 each) with a known amount of 4-MEI. The respective absolute error in each case was 18.7 ± 0.7%, 14.6 ± 2.8% and 21.1 ± 9.7%. Within-day (intra-) and day-to-day (inter-) repeatability, determined as the relative standard deviation by fortifying a negative control sample (n = 5), were 9.5% and 15.4%, respectively. Average ion suppression of d6-4-MEI in beer was 63.9 ± 3.2%, while no suppression or enhancement was seen in non-alcoholic samples. The instrument and method limit of detection were calculated as 0.6 and 5.8 ng ml(-1), respectively. 4(5)-Methylimidazole was quantified in a variety of store-bought consumer beverages and it was found that in many of the samples tested consuming a single can of beer would result in intake levels of 4-MEI that exceed the no significant risk guideline of 29 µg day(-1). Conversely, 4-MEI in the samples was orders of magnitude smaller than the European Food Safety Authority acceptable daily intake threshold value of 100 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1).

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Determination of 4 (5)-Methylimidazole in Food by Thin Layer Chromatography

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Comparative risk assessment of carcinogens in alcoholic beverages using the margin of exposure approach

Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update

Determination of 4(5)-methylimidazole in carbonated beverages by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

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