Determination of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in Smokeless Tobacco Products by Use of UHPLC-MS/MS

Zitomer, Nicholas C.; Rybak, Michael E.; Zhong, Li; Walters, Matthew J.; Holman, Matthew R.

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02622

Cited by 41 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…have been identified in tobacco or tobacco products [ 5 , 7 , 8 , 49 ]. Aflatoxin B 1 , which is produced by Aspergillus fungi, was recently reported in six U.S.-made dry snuff products (0.01–0.27 μg/g); however, it was not detected among sixteen moist snuff products and three snus products [ 50 ]. The presence of other microbes remains to be further explored, using the 18S rDNA or its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for analysis, and shotgun metagenomics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Selected Smokeless Tobacco Products Using 16S rDNA Analysis

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The bacterial communities present in smokeless tobacco (ST) products have not previously reported. In this study, we used Next Generation Sequencing to study the bacteria present in U.S.-made dry snuff, moist snuff and Sudanese toombak. Sample diversity and taxonomic abundances were investigated in these products. A total of 33 bacterial families from four phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, were identified. U.S.-produced dry snuff products contained a diverse distribution of all four phyla. Moist snuff products were dominated by Firmicutes. Toombak samples contained mainly Actinobacteria and Firmicutes (Aerococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae). The program PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) was used to impute the prevalence of genes encoding selected bacterial toxins, antibiotic resistance genes and other pro-inflammatory molecules. PICRUSt also predicted the presence of specific nitrate reductase genes, whose products can contribute to the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Characterization of microbial community abundances and their associated genomes gives us an indication of the presence or absence of pathways of interest and can be used as a foundation for further investigation into the unique microbiological and chemical environments of smokeless tobacco products.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Selected Smokeless Tobacco Products Using 16S rDNA Analysis

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The European Commission Regulation (1998) has set maximum limits of total AF and AFB 1 at 4 and 2 µg/kg in cereals, respectively. Current detection methods for AF level include thin layer chromatography, enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Wang et al, 2013;Zitomer et al, 2015;Akhund et al, 2017;Annunziata et al, 2017). The purification of AF by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection combined with immunoaffinity column (IAC-HPLC-FLD) has been applied in many complex sample substrates, which is easy to operate and highly sensitive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Microbiome and Potential Aflatoxin Associated With the Medicinal Herb Platycladus orientalis

Guo

Jiang

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Platycladi Semen, which is derived from the dried ripe seed of Platycladus orientalis, has been used for the treatment of insomnia and constipation in China for 2000 years. However, it is susceptible to fungal and aflatoxin contamination under proper humidity and temperature during storage. Although aflatoxin contamination in Platycladi Semen has been reported preliminarily, few studies have been conducted on fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination simultaneously. Thus, this work aims to provide an indepth understanding of fungal contamination in Platycladi Semen, and information on aflatoxin contamination. We focused on a comparison of the difference in fungal diversity between aflatoxin-contaminated and aflatoxin-free Platycladi Semen samples. First, aflatoxin levels in 11 Platycladi Semen samples, which were collected from local herbal markets in Shandong, Anhui, and Hebei provinces throughout China, were determined by IAC-HPLC-FLD, and positive confirmation of detected samples was performed by LC-MS/MS. The samples were divided into two groups, based on production or nonproduction of aflatoxin. We then used the Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform, and targeted the internal transcribed spacer two sequences to analyze the diversity and composition of the fungal microbiome, as well as to assess the presence of potential mycotoxinproducing fungi. Results showed that five samples were contaminated with aflatoxins, one of which exceeded the legal limits of Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission (2015). At the phylum level, the Ascomycota was the most dominant in all tested samples, with a relative abundance of 83.04-99.46%. Aspergillus (27.88-97.28%), Xerochrysium (0-28.49%), and Xeromyces (0-22.24%) were the three predominant genera. Furthermore, differences in fungal composition between the aflatoxin-contaminated and aflatoxin-free groups, as well as between different provinces were observed. A total of 74 species were identified, and four potential mycotoxin-producing fungi were detected in all samples, namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium poae, and Penicillium steckii. In conclusion, we report the great diversity of fungi associated with Platycladi Semen, highlight the risk to consumers of ingesting potent aflatoxin, and provide a reference for the safe application and quality improvement of Platycladi Semen.

show abstract

“…In the current study, aflatoxin B 1 was analyzed using a PDA with UV-Vis light detector together with HPLC. This method is expected to be further developed in laboratories that only have HPLC with UV-Vis light detectors [ 6 , 7 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-photodiode array detection method for aflatoxin B1 in cattle feed supplements

Lazuardi¹,

Hermanto²

2017

Vet World

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim:The objective of the current study is to determine the concentration of aflatoxin B1 using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) detector.Materials and Methods:Aflatoxin B1 certified reference grade from Trilogy Analytical Laboratory dissolved acetonitrile (ACN) at 10 µg/mL was using standard assessment. HPLC instruments such as ultraviolet-PDA detector used a Shimadzu LC-6AD pump with DGU-20A5 degasser, communication module-20A, and PDA detector SPD-M20A with FRC-10A fraction collector. The HPLC was set isocratic method at 354 nm with a reverse-phase ODS C18 column (LiChrospher® 100 RP-18; diameter, 5 µm) under a 20°C controlled column chamber. Rheodyne® sample loops were performed in 20 µL capacities. The mobile phase was performed at fraction 63:26:11 H2O: methanol:ACN at pH 6.8. A total of 1 kg of feed contained 10% bread crumbs and 30% concentrated, 40% forage, and 20% soybean dregs were using commercials samples. Samples were extracted by ACN and separated with solid phase extraction ODS 1 mL than elution with mobile phase to collect at drying samples performed. The samples were ready to use after added 1 mL mobile phase than injected into the system of HPLC.Results:We found that the retention time of aflatoxin B1 was approximately 10.858 min. Linearity of 0.01-0.08 µg/mL aflatoxin B1 dissolved in mobile phase was obtained at R2=0.9. These results demonstrate that these methods can be used to analyze aflatoxin B1 and gain 89-99% recovery. The limit of detection of this assay was obtained at 3.5 × 10−6 µg/mL.Conclusion:This method was easy to apply and suitable to analyzing at small concentrations of aflatoxin B1 in formulated product of feed cattle.

show abstract

Determination of Aflatoxin B₁ in Smokeless Tobacco Products by Use of UHPLC-MS/MS

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Selected Smokeless Tobacco Products Using 16S rDNA Analysis

Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Selected Smokeless Tobacco Products Using 16S rDNA Analysis

Assessment of the Microbiome and Potential Aflatoxin Associated With the Medicinal Herb Platycladus orientalis

High-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-photodiode array detection method for aflatoxin B1 in cattle feed supplements

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Smokeless Tobacco Products by Use of UHPLC-MS/MS

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Selected Smokeless Tobacco Products Using 16S rDNA Analysis

Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Selected Smokeless Tobacco Products Using 16S rDNA Analysis

Assessment of the Microbiome and Potential Aflatoxin Associated With the Medicinal Herb Platycladus orientalis

High-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-photodiode array detection method for aflatoxin B1 in cattle feed supplements

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Determination of Aflatoxin B₁ in Smokeless Tobacco Products by Use of UHPLC-MS/MS