Large amounts of synthetic surfactants have been used in industrial and domestic detergents. Most of these surfactants are directly discharged into the environment. Synthetic surfactants sometimes cause water pollution. It is important to determine these surfactants. Almost all of the methods for the spectrophotometric determination of ionic surfactants are based on the formation of ion associates with dyes or metal complex ions and their subsequent extraction into organic solvents such as chloroform, 1,2 toluene 3,4 and benzene. 12 and surfactants, in aqueous solution have been reported. These methods are unsuitable for the determination of trace amounts of surfactants because of low sensitivities. On the other hand, spectrophotometry after the preconcentration of the ion associate of ionic surfactants with dye ions on a flexible polyurethane foam, 13,14 a polyvinyl chloride sheet, 15 an organic solvent-soluble membrane filter, 16 the wall of a PTFE vessel 17,18 and a filter-paper impregnated with a mixed aluminum-zinc hydroxide, 19,20 silica gel loaded with ion-pair associates of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium salts and anionic dyes, 21 have been proposed for the determination of trace amounts of surfactants.The natural polymer chitin has recently been used for preconcentration 22 and determination by the spectrophotometric, 23,24 and atomic absorption spectrometric methods 25,26 of some metal ions. Trace amounts of ruthenium 27 and indium 28 in aqueous solutions were determined by incorporating their metallic elements into a precipitate of chitosan solution in acetic acid from an alkali solution, followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the present investigation, a simple spectrophotometric method for determining ionic surfactants by incorporating the ion associate of the anionic sulfonephthalein dye with a cationic surfactant into a precipitate of chitosan without a harmful organic solvent was developed.
Experimental
ApparatusA JASCO Uvidec-430 spectrophotometer was used for recording spectra and absorbance measurements in quartz cells of 10 mm light pathlength. The pH values were measured with a Hitachi-Horiba (Model F-8 dp) pH-meter.
Reagents and materialsBromophenol Blue (BPB), Bromochlorophenol Blue (BCPB), Bromocresol Purple (BCP), Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Bromothymol Blue (BTB) were prepared by dissolving appropriate amounts of dyes in 5 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide and diluting to 200 ml with distilled water. The cationic surfactants (CS + ) were tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride (TDTMA, >98% purity), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMA, >95% purity), stearyltrimethylammonium Technology, 4448, Hikona, Yonago, Japan A spectrophotometric method for the determination of ionic surfactants with Bromophenol Blue (BPB) based on incorporation into a precipitated chitosan was studied. Cationic surfactants (CS + ), such as a quaternary ammonium ion containing a long-chain alkyl group, associate with BPB 2-buffered at about pH 9 to form the ion associate (CS + )2·BPB 2-. CS + ...