Determination of Ammonia in Exhaled Breath by Flow Injection Analysis with Electrochemical Detection

Kotani, Akio; Wakabayashi, Yoshiaki; Kohama, Mototaka; Kusu, Fumiyo

doi:10.5796/electrochemistry.80.340

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…(vi) The potential window on the PFC electrode corresponds to that on the glassy carbon electrode. On the basis of these features, the PFC electrode has been utilized in analytical fields, e.g., (a) as a precolumn adsorbent for liquid chromatography, (20) (b) as an electric transduction material for the study of cardiac muscle mechanics, (21) (c) as a working electrode of an electrochemical detector of HPLC, (22,23) and (d) as a base electrode for the direct electron transfer of myoglobin (24) and bilirubin oxidase. (25) However, few reports have been published regarding PFC-based chemical sensors and biosensors, except for several pioneering works [i.e., the direct electrochemical oxidation of NADH by bare PFC (26) and peroxidase-and ferrocene-embedded carbon-paste-modified PFC for H 2 O 2 sensors and creatinine and creatine assays (27) ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenazine-dye- and Enzyme-modified Plastic Formed Carbon Electrode for Amperometric Dihydronicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Glucose Sensing

Wang¹,

Hasebe²

2019

Sensors and Materials

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1-Methoxy 5-methylphenazinium methyl sulphate (1-MeO-PMS) was adsorbed on the disk plane of a plastic formed carbon (PFC) rod electrode (3 mm in diameter). PFC is a novel carbon material prepared by mixing various amounts of pure graphite with an organic binder and pyrolyzing to "glassy carbon" at moderate final temperatures of 1000-1400 ℃. The prepared 1-MeO-PMS/PFC electrode exhibited a sufficient electrocatalytic activity for dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation. At an applied potential of −0.05 V vs Ag/AgCl at pH 7.0, the 1-MeO-PMS/PFC electrode showed a fast (<5 s) and linear anodic current response to NADH over the concentration range of 1 to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 0.8 µM (S/N = 3). NAD +-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was further adsorbed on the 1-MeO-PMS/PFC electrode for glucose sensing. In the presence of 10 mM NAD + in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), the prepared GDH/1-MeO-PMS/PFC electrode showed a fast (<10 s) and linear current response to glucose over the concentration range of 10 to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 7 μM (S/N = 3).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenazine-dye- and Enzyme-modified Plastic Formed Carbon Electrode for Amperometric Dihydronicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Glucose Sensing

Wang¹,

Hasebe²

2019

Sensors and Materials

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“…The literature to date indicates that NH 3 sensors have been developed using a range of techniques such as laser-coupled spectroscopy 13 , photoacoustic spectroscopy 14 , metal oxide devices 15 , and quartz crystal microbalances 16 . One of the most commonly used types of commercial ammonia sensor is electrochemical sensor, which is based on a gas diffusion cell connected to an electrolyte solution where ammonia gas is detected by subsequent techniques such as amperometry, potentiometry and colorimetry 17–19 . Although various types of aqueous and nonaqueous solutions including ionic liquid and organic gel have been used as the electrolyte solution, a common drawback for this type of sensor is the problem of electrolyte consumption during electrochemical reaction, which makes the sensor’s lifespan limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly sensitive ammonia sensor for diagnostic purpose using reduced graphene oxide and conductive polymer

Park

2018

Sci Rep

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In this study, we fabricate ammonia sensors based on hybrid thin films of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and conducting polymers using the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique. The RGO is first prepared using hydrazine (Hy) and/or pyrrole (Py) as the reducing agents, and the resulting pyrrole-reduced RGO (Py-RGO) is then hybridized with polyaniline (PANI) and/or polypyrrole (PPy) by in-situ polymerization. The four different thin films of Hy-RGO, Py-RGO, Py-RGO/PANI, and Py-RGO/PPy are deposited on interdigitated microelectrodes by the LS techniques, and their structures are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results of ammonia sensing experiments indicate that the Py-RGO/PANI film exhibits the highest sensor response of these four films, and that it exhibits high reproducibility, high linearity of concentration dependency, and a very low detection limit (0.2 ppm) both in N2 and exhaled air environments. The current gas sensor, therefore, has potential for diagnostic purposes because it has the additional advantages of facile fabrication, ease of use at room temperature, and portability compared to conventional high-sensitivity ammonia sensors.

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“…1 Breath analysis can provide much information about the state of human health as well as about exposure to volatile environmental organics and is regarded as a simple, noninvasive, easily repeated and useful alternative to blood and urine analysis. 2 Many analytical methods for breath analysis have been reported, including electrometry for NH 3 determination, 3 ion mobility chromatography (IMS) for VOC determination, 4,5 gas chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) for acetone, 6 electrospray ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (MS-EI) for authentic n-octyl amine determination, 7 the microreactor approach based on direct-infusion fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS) for ketone and aldehyde determination, 8 membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI) for CO 2 determination, 9 gas chromatography-differential mobility spectrometry (GC-DMS) for VOC determination, 10 and Si:WO 3 sensors for acetone 11 determination, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated micro-volume fiber-optic sensor for oxygen determination in exhaled breath based on iridium(iii) complexes immobilized in fluorinated xerogels

Xiong

et al. 2013

Analyst

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A novel integrated fiber-optic sensor with micro detection volume is developed and evaluated for O 2 determination on a breath-by-breath basis in human health monitoring applications. The sensing element was fabricated by dip-coating an uncladded optical fiber with [Ir(piq) 2 (acac)]-doped hybrid fluorinated ORMOSIL (organically modified silicate) film, which was prepared from 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (TFP-TriMOS) and n-propyltrimethoxysilane (n-propyl-TriMOS). The sensor was then constructed by inserting the prepared optical fiber into a transparent capillary. A microchannel formed between the optical fiber and the capillary inner wall acted as a flow cell for the sample flowing through. The evanescent wave (EW) field produced on the fiber core surface can excite the O 2 -sensitive fluorophores of [Ir(piq) 2 (acac)] to produce emission fluorescence. O 2 can be sensed by its quenching effect on the emission fluorescence intensity. Spectroscopic properties have been characterized by FTIR and fluorescence measurements. Stern-Volmer and Demas models were both employed to analyse the sensor sensitivity, which is 13.0 with the LOD ¼ 0.009% (3s) and the response time is about 1 s. By integrating the sensing and detection elements on the optical fiber, the novel configuration showed advantages of easy fabrication and low cost. Parameters of sensitivity, response time, repeatability, humidity effect and temperature effect were discussed in detail. The proposed sensor showed potential for practical in-breath O 2 analysis application due to its advantages of easy fabrication, low cost, fast response, excellent hydrophobicity, negligible temperature interference and suitable sensitivity.

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Determination of Ammonia in Exhaled Breath by Flow Injection Analysis with Electrochemical Detection

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Phenazine-dye- and Enzyme-modified Plastic Formed Carbon Electrode for Amperometric Dihydronicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Glucose Sensing

Phenazine-dye- and Enzyme-modified Plastic Formed Carbon Electrode for Amperometric Dihydronicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Glucose Sensing

Highly sensitive ammonia sensor for diagnostic purpose using reduced graphene oxide and conductive polymer

An integrated micro-volume fiber-optic sensor for oxygen determination in exhaled breath based on iridium(iii) complexes immobilized in fluorinated xerogels

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