Determination of anethole in serum samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for congener analysis

A novel approach to the application of hexagonal mesoporous silica in solid-phase extraction of drugs

“…This technique finds increasing applications in the area of food, environmental and pharmaceutical analysis [ 10 , 11 ]. SPE offers various advantages such as simplicity of sample preparation, minimizing organic solvent consumption, high selectivity and sensitivity [12] , and can be coupled with different analytical techniques, including gas chromatography (GC) [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], HPLC [ 16 , 17 ], liquid or gas chromatography with mass spectrometry [ 18 , 19 ] and capillary electrophoresis (CE) [ 20 , 21 ]. In recent years nanomaterials have been intended as an interesting device in isolation and extraction techniques due to their high surface area [22] which provided sufficient capacity for the adsorption of analytes.…”

Simple SPE–GC method for anethole determination in human serum

“…Recently, much attention has been given to congener analysis, which is used to check the possibility of postoffence drinking claims in forensic toxicology . Congener analysis is based on the analysis of the ‘‘congener substances,’’ i.e.…”

“…Congener analysis is based on the analysis of the ‘‘congener substances,’’ i.e. all volatile compounds, except ethanol, present in alcoholic beverages, such as methanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐butanol, isobutanol, and others, which can be detected qualitatively and quantitatively in blood and/or serum samples . Many alcoholic drinks that are aromatized with essential oils of plants and fruits contain a specific congener, for example, anethole in aniseed drinks, limonene in distilled citric drinks, or pinene in mint liquors .…”

“…Congener analysis determining anethole presence in serum samples, as a specific marker (congener substance) for consumption of aniseed spirits, was recently developed by Schultz et al. . The procedure they describe makes use of solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) as a sample preparation method.…”

Determination of Fragrance Allergens in Essential Oils and Evaluation of their in vitro Permeation from Essential Oil Formulations through Cultured Skin

“…Quantitative analysis of fragrance substances that are well-known allergens in cosmetic and essential oil products, such as cinnamic alcohol, isoeugenol, and eugenol in ylang-ylang oil and jasminum, have been extensively studied over the past 10 years (Schlede et al, 2008;Schreiner et al, 2008;Villa et al, 2007;David et al, 2006;Tomar et al, 2005;An et al, 2005;Leijs et al, 2005;Cadby et al, 2003). The major analytical methods for analyzing fragrances are gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Schulz et al, 2008a;Schulz et al, 2008b;Polzin et al, 2007;Elzaawely et al, 2007;Yu et al, 2007;Bianchi et al, 2007;Kim et al, 2006;Sánchez-Palomo et al, 2005;Peña-Alvarez et al, 2006;Lukić et al, 2006 ;Mitja et al, 2006;Besharati-Seidani et al, 2005;Luan et al, 2005;Hérent et al, 2007), minor liquid chromatography (Villa et al, 2007;Li et al, 2007;Li et al, 2008;Rauber et al, 2005), micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (Huhn et al, 2008;Hanson et al, 2005), and vibrational spectroscopy (Schulz et al, 2003). The in vitro evaluation of fragrance materials such as camphor, carvone, 1, 8-cineole, linalool, menthol, thujone, menthone, t-anethole, through the human epidermis has already been studied (Gabbanini et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2006).…”