Determination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli by Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods

Abstract

tEscherichia coli infection is one of the most important infections, which causes heavy economic losses in the poultry industry. It is caused by avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC), which belongs to the group Extra-intestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). In this study, a total of 60 APEC isolates from various poultry farms located in and around Anand were evaluated for antibiotics susceptibility by disc diffusion (phenotypic) method for 21 different antibiotics. The E. coli isolates showed 100% resistance against pefloxacin, moxifloxacin and tetracycline followed by ampicillin (86.67%), levofloxacin (81.67%), amoxiclav and ciprofloxacin (71.67% each), co-trimoxazole (56.67%), sulphadiazine (53.34%) and erythromycin (33.33%). The study also revealed that E. coli isolates were highly susceptible to colistin (100.00%), followed by ceftriaxone and spectinomycin (85.00% each), cefixime (81.67%), amikacin (80.00%) and gentamicin (76.67%). All these isolates were also screened for the presence of 20 different antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) by genotypic method, i.e., polymerase chain reaction. PCR revealed presence of cmlA gene responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in cent percent isolates. The distribution of other ARGs in the E. coli isolates were qnrS (85.00%), aac(3)-IV (56.66%), strB (53.33%), aadA1 (51.66%), dhfrI (50.00%), tetB (41.66%) sulI and tetA (33.33% each), blaOXA (31.66%), cat1 and blaCMY (21.66% each), strA (6.67%), blaSHV (3.33%) and dhfrV (1.66%), while all the isolates were negative for blaTEM, ere(A), qnrA, qnrB and mcr-1 genes.

Antimicrobial resistance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from broiler, layer, and breeder chickens

“…We found that 31% of the APEC isolates had phenotypic antibiotic resistance to GEN, which is less than the resistance rates of 76.4% reported in Nepal by Bista et al . [ 41 ], 76.7% in India [ 49 ], 57.2% in Jordan [ 50 ], 43.8% in Egypt [ 47 ], and 68.2% in China [ 48 ]; however, a similar resistance rate 32.5% was reported by Sankhi et al . [ 44 ] from Nepal.…”

“…[ 41 ] and Limbachiya et al . [ 49 ], respectively, both surpassing the lower resistance rates 16.6%–18.1% reported [ 48 , 52 ].…”

“…In the present study, 76.4% of the APEC isolates were R to LEV, which is higher than the resistance rate 45.8% [ 42 ] and 72.5% [ 44 ] reported in Nepal. Comparable resistance rates of 76.4% in Nepal [ 41 ] and 81.7% in India [ 49 ] were also reported.…”

“…In the current study, 32.9% of the APEC isolates were chloramphenicol R, which is lower than the resistance rates 58.3% reported by Bista et al . [ 41 ] in Nepal, 97.2% in Bangladesh [ 4 ], and 70% in India [ 49 ].…”

“…In contrast, a high resistance rate of 71.5% was reported by Bista et al . [ 41 ] in Nepal and 80% in India [ 49 ]. Similar to our findings, a low resistance rate of AK [ 48 ] was found and a slightly higher resistance rate (11%–17.5%) was reported [ 42 – 44 ] in Nepal.…”